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Plesiadapis
The evolutionary history of the
primates can be traced back 65 million years, as one of the oldest of all surviving placental mammal groups. The oldest known primate-like mammal species, the
Plesiadapis, come from North America, but they were widespread in Eurasia and Africa during the tropical conditions of the
Paleocene and
Eocene.
Notharctus
The beginning of modern climates was marked by the formation of the first Antarctic ice in the early
Oligocene around 30 million years ago. A primate from this time was
Notharctus. Fossil evidence found in Germany in the 1980s was determined to be about 16.5 million years old, some 1.5 million years older than similar species from East Africa and challenging the original theory regarding human ancestry originating on the African continent.
David Begun
[12] says that these primates flourished in Eurasia and that the lineage leading to the African apes and humans— including
Dryopithecus—migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population, which is seen most completely in the upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene fossil beds of the
Fayum depression southwest of Cairo, gave rise to all living primates—
lemurs of Madagascar,
lorises of Southeast Asia,
galagos or "bush babies" of Africa, and the
anthropoids;
platyrrhines or New World monkeys, and
catarrhines or Old World monkeys and the great apes and humans.
The earliest known catarrhine is
Kamoyapithecus from uppermost Oligocene at Eragaleit in the northern Kenya Rift Valley, dated to 24 million years ago. Its ancestry is generally thought to be species related to
Aegyptopithecus,
Propliopithecus, and
Parapithecus from the Fayum, at around 35 million years ago.[
citation needed] In 2010,
Saadanius was described as a close relative of the last common ancestor of the
crown catarrhines, and tentatively dated to 29–28 million years ago, helping to fill an 11-million-year gap in the fossil record.
[13]
Reconstructed tailless
Proconsul skeleton
In the early
Miocene, about 22 million years ago, the many kinds of arboreally adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa suggest a long history of prior diversification. Fossils at 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to
Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old World Monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are
Proconsul,
Rangwapithecus,
Dendropithecus,
Limnopithecus,
Nacholapithecus,
Equatorius,
Nyanzapithecus,
Afropithecus,
Heliopithecus, and
Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa. The presence of other generalized non-cercopithecids of middle Miocene age from sites far distant—
Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and
Pierolapithecus and
Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria—is evidence of a wide diversity of forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The youngest of the Miocene hominoids,
Oreopithecus, is from 9 million year old coal beds in Italy.
Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of
gibbons (family
Hylobatidae) became distinct from Great Apes between 18 and 12 million years ago, and that of
orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) became distinct from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by
Ramapithecus from India and
Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.
[edit] Divergence of the human lineage from other Great Apes
Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by
Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and
Ouranopithecus found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the
gorillas, and then the chimpanzees (genus
Pan) split off from the line leading to the humans; human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see
human evolutionary genetics). The fossil record of gorillas and chimpanzees is quite limited. Both poor preservation (rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone) and
sampling bias probably contribute to this problem.
Other
hominines likely adapted to the drier environments outside the equatorial belt, along with antelopes, hyenas, dogs, pigs, elephants, and horses. The equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago. Fossils of these hominans - the species in the human lineage following divergence from the chimpanzees - are relatively well known.
The earliest are
Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and
Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by:
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