Дали атеизмот е заснован на вера или на наука?

[MIKI1]

За среќа тој исказ се базира на опипливи факти и перцептивни докази.
*Fixed

Ај дај ми еден „опиплив„ и „перцептивен„ доказ за постоењето на неутриното...

 

[MEDDLE]

и нема да згрешиш, а воедно и самиот ќе дојдеш до заклучок дека атеизмот е тазе вера.

Мразам кога ова мора да го правам, ама сам се местиш...

„Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities.[1] In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.[2][3] Most inclusively, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist.[3][4] Atheism is contrasted with theism,[5][6] which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists, [6] [7] and with agnosticism which leaves the matter of existence open.[8]

The term atheism originated from the Greek ἄθεος (atheos), meaning "without god", which was applied with a negative connotation to those thought to reject the gods worshipped by the larger society. With the spread of freethought, skeptical inquiry, and subsequent increase in criticism of religion, application of the term narrowed in scope. The first individuals to identify themselves as "atheist" appeared in the 18th century.[9]

History
Main article: History of atheism

Although the term atheism originated in 16th-century France,[29] ideas that would be recognized today as atheistic are documented from the Vedic period and the classical antiquity.
[edit]
Early Indic religion
Main article: Atheism in Hinduism

Atheistic schools are found in early Indian thought and have existed from the times of the historical Vedic religion.[80] Among the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy; Samkhya, the oldest philosophical system do not accept God and the early Mimamsa also rejected the notion of God.[81] The early Mimamsa not only did not accept God but asserted that human action itself was enough to create the necessary circumstances for the enjoyment of its fruits.[82] The thoroughly materialistic and anti-theistic philosophical Cārvāka (also called Nastika or Lokaiata) school that originated in India around the 6th century BCE is probably the most explicitly atheistic school of philosophy in India, similar to the Greek Cyrenaic school. This branch of Indian philosophy is classified as heterodox due to its rejection of the authority of Vedas and hence is not considered part of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism, but it is noteworthy as evidence of a materialistic movement within Hinduism.[83] Chatterjee and Datta explain that our understanding of Cārvāka philosophy is fragmentary, based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools, and that it is not a living tradition:

"Though materialism in some form or other has always been present in India, and occasional references are found in the Vedas, the Buddhistic literature, the Epics, as well as in the later philosophical works we do not find any systematic work on materialism, nor any organized school of followers as the other philosophical schools possess. But almost every work of the other schools states, for refutation, the materialistic views. Our knowledge of Indian materialism is chiefly based on these."[84]

Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include Classical Samkhya and Purva Mimamsa. The rejection of a personal creator God is also seen in Jainism and Buddhism in India.[85]
[edit]
Classical antiquity

In Plato's Apology, Socrates (pictured) was accused by Meletus of not believing in the gods.

Western atheism has its roots in pre-Socratic Greek philosophy, but did not emerge as a distinct world-view until the late Enlightenment.[86] The 5th-century BCE Greek philosopher Diagoras is known as the "first atheist",[87] and is cited as such by Cicero in his De Natura Deorum.[88] Critias viewed religion as a human invention used to frighten people into following moral order.[89] Atomists such as Democritus attempted to explain the world in a purely materialistic way, without reference to the spiritual or mystical. Other pre-Socratic philosophers who probably had atheistic views included Prodicus and Protagoras. In the 3rd-century BCE the Greek philosophers Theodorus Cyrenaicus[88][90] and Strato of Lampsacus[91] also did not believe gods exist.

Socrates (c. 471–399 BCE), was accused of impiety (see Euthyphro dilemma) on the basis that he inspired questioning of the state gods.[92] Although he disputed the accusation that he was a "complete atheist",[93] saying that he could not be an atheist as he believed in spirits,[94] he was ultimately sentenced to death. Socrates also prays to various gods in Plato's dialogue Phaedrus[95] and says "By Zeus" in the dialogue The Republic.[96]

Euhemerus (c. 330–260 BCE) published his view that the gods were only the deified rulers, conquerors and founders of the past, and that their cults and religions were in essence the continuation of vanished kingdoms and earlier political structures.[97] Although not strictly an atheist, Euhemerus was later criticized for having "spread atheism over the whole inhabited earth by obliterating the gods".[98]

Atomic materialist Epicurus (c. 341–270 BCE) disputed many religious doctrines, including the existence of an afterlife or a personal deity; he considered the soul purely material and mortal. While Epicureanism did not rule out the existence of gods, he believed that if they did exist, they were unconcerned with humanity.[99]

The Roman poet Lucretius (c. 99–55 BCE) agreed that, if there were gods, they were unconcerned with humanity and unable to affect the natural world. For this reason, he believed humanity should have no fear of the supernatural. He expounds his Epicurean views of the cosmos, atoms, the soul, mortality, and religion in De rerum natura ("On the nature of things"),[100] which popularized Epicurus' philosophy in Rome.[101]

The Roman philosopher Sextus Empiricus held that one should suspend judgment about virtually all beliefs—a form of skepticism known as Pyrrhonism—that nothing was inherently evil, and that ataraxia ("peace of mind") is attainable by withholding one's judgment. His relatively large volume of surviving works had a lasting influence on later philosophers.[102]

The meaning of "atheist" changed over the course of classical antiquity. The early Christians were labeled atheists by non-Christians because of their disbelief in pagan gods.[103] During the Roman Empire, Christians were executed for their rejection of the Roman gods in general and Emperor-worship in particular. When Christianity became the state religion of Rome under Theodosius I in 381, heresy became a punishable offense.[104]
[edit]
Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance

The espousal of atheistic views was rare in Europe during the Early Middle Ages and Middle Ages (see Medieval Inquisition); metaphysics, religion and theology were the dominant interests.[105] There were, however, movements within this period that forwarded heterodox conceptions of the Christian God, including differing views of the nature, transcendence, and knowability of God. Individuals and groups such as Johannes Scotus Eriugena, David of Dinant, Amalric of Bena, and the Brethren of the Free Spirit maintained Christian viewpoints with pantheistic tendencies. Nicholas of Cusa held to a form of fideism he called docta ignorantia ("learned ignorance"), asserting that God is beyond human categorization, and our knowledge of God is limited to conjecture. William of Ockham inspired anti-metaphysical tendencies with his nominalistic limitation of human knowledge to singular objects, and asserted that the divine essence could not be intuitively or rationally apprehended by human intellect. Followers of Ockham, such as John of Mirecourt and Nicholas of Autrecourt furthered this view. The resulting division between faith and reason influenced later theologians such as John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, and Martin Luther.[105]

The Renaissance did much to expand the scope of freethought and skeptical inquiry. Individuals such as Leonardo da Vinci sought experimentation as a means of explanation, and opposed arguments from religious authority. Other critics of religion and the Church during this time included Niccolò Machiavelli, Bonaventure des Périers, and François Rabelais.[102]
[edit]
Early modern period

The Renaissance and Reformation eras witnessed a resurgence in religious fervor, as evidenced by the proliferation of new religious orders, confraternities, and popular devotions in the Catholic world, and the appearance of increasingly austere Protestant sects such as the Calvinists. This era of interconfessional rivalry permitted an even wider scope of theological and philosophical speculation, much of which would later be used to advance a religiously skeptical world-view.

Criticism of Christianity became increasingly frequent in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in France and England, where there appears to have been a religious malaise, according to contemporary sources. Some Protestant thinkers, such as Thomas Hobbes, espoused a materialist philosophy and skepticism toward supernatural occurrences, while the Jewish-Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza rejected divine providence in favour of a panentheistic naturalism. By the late 17th century, deism came to be openly espoused by intellectuals such as John Toland who coined the term "pantheist". Despite their ridicule of Christianity, many deists held atheism in scorn.[citation needed] The first known explicit atheist was the German critic of religion Matthias Knutzen in his three writings of 1674.[106] He was followed a half century later by another explicit atheist writer, the French priest Jean Meslier.[107]

Knutzen and Meslier were in turn followed by other openly atheistic thinkers, such as Baron d'Holbach and Jacques-André Naigeon.[108] The philosopher David Hume developed a skeptical epistemology grounded in empiricism, undermining the metaphysical basis of natural theology.

Ludwig Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity (1841) would greatly influence philosophers such as Engels, Marx, David Strauss, Nietzsche, and Max Stirner. He considered God to be a human invention and religious activities to be wish-fulfillment. For this he is considered the founding father of modern anthropology of religion.

The French Revolution took atheism and anti-clerical deism outside the salons and into the public sphere. A major goal of the French revolution was a restructuring and subordination of the clergy with respect to the state through the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Attempts to enforce it led to anti-clerical violence and the expulsion of many clergy from France. The chaotic political events in revolutionary Paris eventually enabled the more radical Jacobins to seize power in 1793, ushering in the Reign of Terror. The Jacobins were deists and introduced the Cult of the Supreme Being as a new French state religion. Some atheists surrounding Jacques Hébert instead sought to establish a Cult of Reason, a form of atheistic pseudo-religion with a goddess personifying reason. Both movements in part contributed to attempts to forcibly de-Christianize France. The Cult of Reason ended after three years when its leadership, including Jacques Hébert was guillotined by the Jacobins. The anti-clerical persecutions ended with the Thermidorian Reaction.

The Napoleonic era institutionalized the secularization of French society, and exported the revolution to northern Italy, in the hopes of creating pliable republics. In the 19th century, atheists contributed to political and social revolution, facilitating the upheavals of 1848, the Risorgimento in Italy, and the growth of an international socialist movement.

In the latter half of the 19th century, atheism rose to prominence under the influence of rationalistic and freethinking philosophers. Many prominent German philosophers of this era denied the existence of deities and were critical of religion, including Ludwig Feuerbach, Arthur Schopenhauer, Max Stirner, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Nietzsche.[109]
[edit]
Since 1900
See also: New atheism and State atheism

Atheism in the 20th century, particularly in the form of practical atheism, advanced in many societies. Atheistic thought found recognition in a wide variety of other, broader philosophies, such as existentialism, objectivism, secular humanism, nihilism, anarchism, logical positivism, Marxism, feminism,[110] and the general scientific and rationalist movement.

Logical positivism and scientism paved the way for neopositivism, analytical philosophy, structuralism, and naturalism. Neopositivism and analytical philosophy discarded classical rationalism and metaphysics in favor of strict empiricism and epistemological nominalism. Proponents such as Bertrand Russell emphatically rejected belief in God. In his early work, Ludwig Wittgenstein attempted to separate metaphysical and supernatural language from rational discourse. A. J. Ayer asserted the unverifiability and meaninglessness of religious statements, citing his adherence to the empirical sciences. Relatedly the applied structuralism of Lévi-Strauss sourced religious language to the human subconscious in denying its transcendental meaning. J. N. Findlay and J. J. C. Smart argued that the existence of God is not logically necessary. Naturalists and materialistic monists such as John Dewey considered the natural world to be the basis of everything, denying the existence of God or immortality.[52][111]

The 20th century also saw the political advancement of atheism, spurred on by interpretation of the works of Marx and Engels. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, there was increased religious freedom for religious minorities, which lasted for a few years.[citation needed] While the Soviet Constitution of 1936 guaranteed freedom to hold religious services, the Soviet state under Stalin's policy of state atheism did not consider education a private matter; it outlawed religious instruction and waged campaigns to persuade people, at times violently, to abandon religion.[112][113][114][115][116] Several other communist states also opposed religion and mandated state atheism,[117] including the former governments of Albania,[118][119][120] and currently, China,[121][122] North Korea,[122][123] and Cuba.[122][124]

Other leaders like E. V. Ramasami Naicker (Periyar), a prominent atheist leader of India, fought against Hinduism and Brahmins for discriminating and dividing people in the name of caste and religion.[125] This was highlighted in 1956 when he arranged for the erection of a statue depicting a Hindu god in a humble representation and made antitheistic statements.[126]

In 1966, Time magazine asked "Is God Dead?"[127] in response to the Death of God theological movement, citing the estimation that nearly half of all people in the world lived under an anti-religious power, and millions more in Africa, Asia, and South America seemed to lack knowledge of the one God.[128]

In 1967, the Albanian government under Enver Hoxha announced the closure of all religious institutions in the country, declaring Albania the world's first officially atheist state,[129] although religious practice in Albania was restored in 1991. These regimes enhanced the negative associations of atheism, especially where anti-communist sentiment was strong in the United States, despite the fact that prominent atheists were anti-communist.[130]

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the number of actively anti-religious regimes has reduced considerably. In 2006, Timothy Shah of the Pew Forum noted "a worldwide trend across all major religious groups, in which God-based and faith-based movements in general are experiencing increasing confidence and influence vis-à-vis secular movements and ideologies."[131] However, Gregory S. Paul and Phil Zuckerman consider this a myth and suggest that the actual situation is much more complex and nuanced.[132]

The religiously motivated terrorist events of 9/11 and the partially successful attempts of the Discovery institute to change the American science curriculum to include creationist ideas, together with support for those ideas from George W. Bush in 2005, all triggered the noted atheist authors Sam Harris, Daniel C. Dennett, Richard Dawkins, Victor J. Stenger and Christopher Hitchens to publish books that were best sellers in America and worldwide.[133]

A 2010 survey found that those identifying themselves as atheists or agnostics are on average more knowledgeable about religion than followers of major faiths. Nonbelievers scored better on questions about tenets central to Protestant and Catholic faiths. Only Mormon and Jewish faithful scored as well as atheists and agnostics.[134]

Atheism 3.0 is a movement within atheism that does not believe in the existence of God, but says that religion has been beneficial to both individuals and society, and that eliminating it is of lesser importance than other things that need to be done.[135][136]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism#History“

 

[shutrak]

Не можеш да веруваш во неверување. Проста логика.

a ateistite celo vreme tvrdat deka ne veruvaat ...a ovoa e prethodelo od veruvanje., pa sega preminalo vo neveruvanje., i ako e tolku prosto i ednostavno shto tolku se penite da dokazhete neshto sosema sprotivno od ateistichkoto veruvanje.........
--- надополнето: 15 декември 2011 во 13:23 ---

Не можеш да веруваш во неверување. Проста логика.

a ateistite celo vreme tvrdat deka ne veruvaat ...a ovoa e prethodelo od veruvanje., pa sega preminalo vo neveruvanje., i ako e tolku prosto i ednostavno shto tolku se penite da dokazhete neshto sosema sprotivno od ateistichkoto veruvanje.........

 

[Атеист]

znachi veruvate samo vo ateizmot., i vo nishto drugo.......


znachi veruvate samo vo ateizmot., i vo nishto drugo....... ili ne veruvate ni vo nego.........

Нема што да се верува во атеизам. Толку ти фаќа црпката или намерно провоцираш? Со второто нема ништо да постигнеш

 

[dystopian]

a ateistite celo vreme tvrdat deka ne veruvaat ...a ovoa e prethodelo od veruvanje., pa sega preminalo vo neveruvanje., i ako e tolku prosto i ednostavno shto tolku se penite da dokazhete neshto sosema sprotivno od ateistichkoto veruvanje..........

Што е тоа атеистичко верување? Нели рековме дека не може да се верува во неверување.

Одговор на прашањето, најверојатно сакаат да им покажат на другите дека нема доказ кој укажува дека некаков бог постои, а со тоа, вербата на теистите е неоснована и ирационална. Барем по мое, јас заради тоа пишувам на подфорумов од време на време.

 

[galaxy]

a ateistite celo vreme tvrdat deka ne veruvaat ...a ovoa e prethodelo od veruvanje., pa sega preminalo vo neveruvanje., i ako e tolku prosto i ednostavno shto tolku se penite da dokazhete neshto sosema sprotivno od ateistichkoto veruvanje.........

Не веруваат во богови. Никој не рече дека не веруваат во нешто друго.

 

[shutrak]

Нема што да се верува во атеизам. Толку ти фаќа црпката или намерно провоцираш? Со второто нема ништо да постигнеш

konechno neshto i priznavatelno deka<>nema shto da se veruva vo ateizam<>i sosema tochno., a crpkata kolku tvojata tolku i mojata......a dali e provokacija ., cccc., a i znam deka nema nishto da postignam koga ., razgovaram so vakvi crpki

 

[Keiko]

Тоа не е област која го апсолвира еволуцијата!! Што не разбираш во кажаново? Како настанале првите облици на живот е област на абиогенезата! Не на еволуцијата.

Е добро де, нека не е на еволуцијата, на кого сака нека е. Има ли науката одговор на тоа? Или нема?

 

[Атеист]

konechno neshto i priznavatelno deka<>nema shto da se veruva vo ateizam<>i sosema tochno., a crpkata kolku tvojata tolku i mojata......a dali e provokacija ., cccc., a i znam deka nema nishto da postignam koga ., razgovaram so vakvi crpki

Црпка над црпките си но ај нема везе. Не ми текна дека си и од двете, ем првоцираш ем појма немаш

 

[Iblis]

Ај дај ми еден „опиплив„ и „перцептивен„ доказ за постоењето на неутриното...

Неутриното е сеуште проблематично, самата честичка е премала и се детектира индиректно, и така ќе продолжи. Истата таа детекција се врши со апарати и направи создадени од човекот под строго контролирани услови, со цел да се докаже постоењето на истото, предходно "предвидено" во чисто теоретски модел.
Сеа ако ти прави толку ќејф може да ти помогнам да дофатиш друга една честичка, ја викаме електрон, знаеш како оди тоа и кои се карактеристиките на истата или пак може да ти помогнам да ја осознаеш гравитацијата, ако ништо друго крајот ќе ти биде опиплив, ако не си задоволен со откритијата и можностите за примане на истите на физиката има уште науки, поопипливи, имаш хемија, биологија, медицина, да не тупам многу, сите сме примиле антибиотик во животот и сите сме биле вакцинирани и сите, повторно ќе кажам, сме пиеле некој аналгетик или антипиретик. Мислам дека доста опипливи се примериве за оние кои малку можат да отворат очите, за оние другите

 

[Square One]

Што си има врска атеизмот со науката, жити се?

 

[galaxy]

Е добро де, нека не е на еволуцијата, на кого сака нека е. Има ли науката одговор на тоа? Или нема?

Нема одговор, ама има пологични претпоставки од одговорот на религиите.

 

[shutrak]

Црпка над црпките си но ај нема везе. Не ми текна дека си и од двете, ем првоцираш ем појма немаш

ami takvi ste ateistite dodeka se setite,,,,,,,,, ja sam iznenagen i uvregen od tvojata neelokventnost/vo segashnava diskusija/

 

[G e G o]

И ова е доказ? НЕ мора да ми докажуваш мене. Признај си дека доказ таа абиогенеза нема.

Ти бараш доказ за нешто што постоело пред 100 милиони години ? немој да си како мало дете нормално дека нема да постои ништо повеќе од ФОСИЛИ .... или и тие не се доволни ?

 

[Keiko]

Ти бараш доказ за нешто што постоело пред 100 милиони години ? немој да си како мало дете нормално дека нема да постои ништо повеќе од ФОСИЛИ .... или и тие не се доволни ?

Очигледно не разбираш што зборуваш. Повеќемина погоре рековте дека настанокот на првите клетки нема врска со еволуцијата. И ок еве нема. Рековте тоа е работа на абиогенеза. ок, докажала ли абиогенезата како настанале првите клетки? И што врска има тоа со фосилите?