ftopic: жими мајка! 
Ne e tochno ova... jas veruvam vo religijata, vo gospot, a ne vo tebe ili nekoj drug budala... ne moze sekoj gospot da se pravi.. ajde sega.. nemas pravo da go koristis toa chesen zbor.. samo gospod moze
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Ne e tochno ova... jas veruvam vo religijata, vo gospot, a ne vo tebe ili nekoj drug budala... ne moze sekoj gospot da se pravi.. ajde sega.. nemas pravo da go koristis toa chesen zbor.. samo gospod moze
докази нема дефинитивногоренаведените т.н не би ги нарекол деформитети(може и ти да си се родил со опавче па после раѓање хирушки да се отсрани).
што се однесува до брадавиците доказ се бидејки човекот има еден пар а животните 3пара значи некој ген уште влијае-ЕВОЛУЦИЈА.
понатаму знаеш дека животните(еве кучето на.пр) имаат мускули на ушите и можат да ги вртат кон изворот на саунд-е сега оваа појава е забележана и кај човекот односно процентуално се малце но сепак имаат ЗАКРЖЛАВЕНИ остатоци од еволуцијата односно со тек на време
ке ги снема комплетно.
инаку амфиоксус
1. Amphioxus: Adult specimen (Fig 1, 2). Begin your study with a preserved adult animal in a small dish of tapwater. Handle the specimen carefully as the preservative renders them brittle. Place the dish on the stage of your dissecting microscope and use a teasing needle to manipulate it. You will study only the external anatomy of this specimen and will not dissect it. Later you will study the internal anatomy using wholemounts and cross sections.Anatomy
The integument (= skin) is the outer covering (Fig 29-3D). It includes a monolayered, nonciliated epidermis with a basal lamina. There is no secreted extracellular cuticle. Below the epidermis is a thick, collagenous, translucent, gelatinous, connective tissue dermis. In life the entire animal is translucent but preserved specimens are opaque.
Note the fishlike (fusiform or lanceolate) shape of the animal (Fig. 1, 29-3A). The body is divided into head, trunk, and tail. The head, at the anterior end, is small and poorly defined. The rostrum extends anteriorly and overhangs the mouth and buccal cavity (Fig 2, 29-5). The large mouth lies under the rostrum and opens into a spacious buccal cavity. The mouth is surrounded by a ring of tentacle-like buccal cirri (=oral cirri). These are involved in preliminary mechanical sorting of food particles and are probably chemoreceptive as well. The roof and walls of the buccal cavity form the oral hood.
Most of the body is the trunk (Fig 1, 29-3B), which extends posteriorly from the head to the anus (the anus will be easier to see later when you study a cleared wholemount). The trunk contains most of the gut, including the large conspicuous pharynx (not visible at present), and the musculature. The segmental arrangement of the axial musculature (body musculature) is readily apparent through the translucent integument. The muscles are arranged in 50-75 V-shaped segmental bundles called myomeres. Successive myomeres are separated from each other by connective tissue partitions called myosepta. The segmental organization of animals is referred to as metamerism and the vertebrates, as well as several other phyla of animals, such as annelids and arthropods, are said to be metameric. Myomeres on opposite sides of the body are asymmetric and out of register with each other (Fig 3).
There are no paired appendages but on either side of the trunk is a ventro-lateral longitudinal ridge, the metapleural fold (Fig. 1, 3). These ridges run from the oral hood to a position just posterior to the gonadal region. The atrium, which is not visible in whole specimens, opens to the exterior via the atriopore, located on the midventral margin at the point where the two metapleural folds join the ventral margin. Farther posteriorly, beside a slight dip between the ventral fin and the caudal fin, is the anus, located slightly to the left side of the ventral midline. The anus is the posterior external opening of the gut and marks the posterior limit of the trunk. The region of the body posterior to the anus is the tail. One of the characteristics of chordates is the presence of this postanal tail.
A posterior caudal fin (=tail fin) extends around the dorsal and ventral margins of the tail. There is a long dorsal fin along most of the dorsal margin of the body. A short ventral fin is located on the ventral margin of the trunk just anterior to the caudal fin. It extends from atriopore to anus.
Figure 1. Juvenile Branchiostoma, cleared specimen. Cephchord16L.gif Segmentally arranged, paired, rectangular swellings along the ventral margins of the myomeres are about 26 pairs of segmental gonads (Fig 29-3A,B). Branchiostoma is gonochoric. The gametes are shed into the atrium and are carried to the exterior by the water passing through it and out the atriopore.
2. Amphioxus: wholemount of juvenile specimen (Fig 1, 2). Continue your study of with a wholemount of a cleared juvenile amphioxus. These specimens are much smaller than the mature specimen and are sexually immature. Mature individuals are too large and thick for examination with a compound microscope. Juveniles are identical to adults except for their size and lack of gonads. Use of a small cleared specimen permits examination of many features of the internal anatomy without dissection. More detailed structures and relationships will be studied at higher power using cross sections.
Place the slide on the stage of the compound microscope so that the animal is upside down when viewed with the unaided eye. It will, of course, be right side up when observed through the microscope. Study the animal using 40X, and occasionally 100X, as appropriate. You will see many features familiar to you from your study of the adult specimen. Relocate and re-identify the rostrum, head, dorsal fin, caudal fin, ventral fin, tail, oral hood, buccal cirri, metapleural folds, and atriopore.
Look at the dorsal region of the animal and find the dorsal fin, recognizable by its faint vertical fin rays. The fin is composed of a longitudinal series of coelomic spaces each known as a fin box (Fig 2, 29-5B). The fin rays are the septa between successive fin boxes. Follow the dorsal fin anteriorly and posteriorly noting that it extends along most of the dorsal midline.
Figure 2. Anterior end of a cleared juvenile Branchiostoma. Cephchord17L.gif Using 100X and careful focusing, you should be able to see the myomeres that make up most of the body. The myosepta appear as faint, oblique, V-shaped lines. The myomeres and myosepta extend ventrally to the metapleural folds but they are hard to see against the confusing background in this region. Myomeres are derived from segmental coelomic compartments and the muscles are derived from the epitheliomuscular cells of the coelomic mesothelium (peritoneum).
The dorsal hollow nerve cord extends most of the length of the body (Fig 1, 2). It is usually pinkish in these preparations and has a distinctive, irregular, longitudinal row of black, light-sensitive, pigment cup ocelli running along its ventral margin. These ocelli face in various directions, some dorsal and some ventral. The nerve cord extends anteriorly to about the base of the rostrum where it bears a larger, terminal ocellus known as the eyespot. The nerve cord extends posteriorly into the base of the tail.
Although you will not see them, the nerve cord gives rise to paired segmental dorsal and ventral nerves, homologous to the spinal nerves of the vertebrates. Paired sensory and visceral motor nerves connect the nerve cord but somatic motor neurons are absent, or nearly so. Instead, the axial muscles and the cells of the notochord are innervated by cytoplasmic processes of the muscle cells extending to the nerve cord. The nerve cord is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath.
The cavity of the hollow nerve cord is the neurocoel. Anteriorly, the neurocoel opens to the exterior by a permanent, dorsal neuropore at the base of the rostrum (Fig 29-5B). Chemoreceptors in the neuropore monitor the water in its vicinity. The lumen of the nerve cord (neurocoel) is expanded anteriorly to form a vesicle sometimes referred to as the brain.
Ventral to the nerve cord is the notochord. It is longer, relative to the length of the body, in these animals than in any other chordate. It is longer than the nerve cord and extends well into the rostrum, presumably as an adaptation to facilitate digging into sand. The appellation "Cephalochordata" for these animals alludes to the presence of the notochord in the head. In vertebrates the notochord extends anteriorly only as far as the middle of the brain (mesencephalon). The notochord is usually yellowish in these preparations and appears to be vertically striated. It is composed of large, vacuolated, disklike epitheliomuscular cells arranged in a stiff longitudinal column and surrounded by a thick connective tissue sheath (Fig 29-4A,E).
The notochord resists the deformation of the body that would otherwise result from contraction of axial muscles. Embryologically, the notochord arises from a dorsal median thickening of the roof of the archenteron. The coelom of enterocoelic animals arises from paired dorso-lateral outpocketings of the archenteron roof.
The remainder of the animal is mostly digestive system. Find once more the buccal cirri surrounding the oral hood (Fig 29-5). The buccal cavity is the gut lumen within the oral hood. The posterior wall of the buccal cavity is the transverse, muscular velum. An aperture, of adjustable diameter, in the center of the velum connects the buccal cavity with the pharynx. Anterior to the velum, the walls of the buccal cavity bear a series of thick ciliated grooves which make up the wheel organ. The cilia in these grooves trap food particles in mucus for digestion farther posterior in the gut. On the posterior side of the velum, the mouth is surrounded by slender sensory velar tentacles.
. Дека фактите се на страна на теоријата немам збор и не треба ни муабет да се прави. Али во крајна линија не е битно дали е точна или не. Ако е погрешна ќе има боља теорија за постанокот на видовите.