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The development of the Bulgarian language may be divided into several historical periods.
- Prehistoric period - occurred between the Slavonic migration to eastern Balkans and the mission of St. Cyril and St. Methodius to Great Moravia in the 860s.
- Old Bulgarian (9th to 11th century, also referred to as Old Church Slavonic) - a literary norm of the early southern dialect of the Common Slavic language from which Bulgarian evolved. It was used by St. Cyril, St. Methodius and their disciples to translate the Bible and other liturgical literature from Greek into Slavic.
- Middle Bulgarian (12th to 15th century) - a literary norm that evolved from the earlier Old Bulgarian, after major innovations were accepted. It was a language of rich literary activity and the official administration language of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
- Modern Bulgarian - dates from the 16th century onwards, undergoing general grammar and syntax changes in the 18th and 19th centuries. Present-day written Bulgarian language was standardized on the basis of the 19th-century Bulgarian vernacular. The historical development of the Bulgarian language can be described as a transition from a highly synthetic language (Old Bulgarian) to a typical analytic language (Modern Bulgarian) with Middle Bulgarian as a midpoint in this transition.
Bulgarian was the first "Slavic" language attested in writing. As Slavic linguistic unity lasted into late antiquity, in the oldest manuscripts this language was initially referred to as јазык' словјаньск', "the Slavic language". In the Middle Bulgarian period this name was gradually replaced by the name јазык' бл'гарьск', the "Bulgarian language". In some cases, the name јазык' бл'гарьск' was used not only with regard to the contemporary Middle Bulgarian language of the copyist but also to the period of Old Bulgarian. A most notable example of anachronism is the Service of
St. Cyril from Skopje (Скопски минеј), a 13th century Middle Bulgarian manuscript from northern
Macedonia according to which St. Cyril preached with "Bulgarian" books among the Moravian Slavs. The first mention of the language as the "Bulgarian language" instead of the "Slavonic language" comes in the work of the Greek clergy of the
Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid in the
11th century, for example in the
Greek hagiography of
Saint Clement of Ohrid by
Theophylact of Ohrid (late 11th century).
During the Middle Bulgarian period, the language underwent dramatic changes, losing the Slavonic case system, but preserving the rich verb system (while the development was exactly the opposite in Slavic languages) and developing a definite article. It was influenced by proto-Bulgar and its non-Slavic neighbors in the
Balkan linguistic union (mostly grammatically) and later also by
Turkish, which was the official language of
Ottoman empire, in the form of the
Ottoman language (an earlier form of Turkish), mostly lexically. As a national revival occurred towards the end of the period of Ottoman rule (mostly during the 19th century), a modern Bulgarian literary language gradually emerged which drew heavily on
Church Slavonic/Old Bulgarian and which later reduced the number of Turkish and other Balkanic loans. Today one difference between Bulgarian dialects in the country and literary spoken Bulgarian is the significant presence of old Bulgarian words and even word forms in the latter. The phonology of many such words has been modified along modern patterns; many other words were taken from Russian, French, English.., without taking the expected phonetic changes in consideration (оборот, непонјатен, јадро and others).
Modern Bulgarian was based essentially on the Eastern dialects of the language, but its pronunciation is in many respects a compromise between East and West Bulgarian (see especially the phonetic sections below).