[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=+1]BALKANS AND PONTIC AREA[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]ILLYRIAN GROUPS[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Septentrioanl Balkanic would include Dacian, Thracian, Illyrian, Messapian, and Venet, and would have some[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]similar isoglosses with Baltic and Slav.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Thraco-Illyro-Phrygians, settled on Balkan peninsula. It took place in the XXIIIth or the XXIIth century BC. Scientists believe[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]it was the time of linguistic unity of all Balkan peoples. Later they divided into two groups: Thraco-Illyrian and Thraco-Phrygian,[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]the first spread to all Balkan mountains, Illyria, Pannonia, Dacia and parts of Italy, the second existed in South-East Balkans[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]and partly in Asia Minor. Modern Albanian means everything that left after the first group, whether it is the direct successor of[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Illyrian language or just related to it.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Isolated Illyrian tribes deep into hinterland shared with the Thracian tribes the custom of tattooing their bodies and of offering[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]human sacrifices.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]-2000/-1200 Proto-Illyrians in former Yugoslavia. This is the group ancestral to Istri, Dalmatians, Pannonians and other Illyrian[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]language family tribes, listed starting in -1200.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]MAP: Click
here to open a new window displaying a map of the linguistic communities in the Balkans in the Bronze Age.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Vucedol est formјe par la fusion de Baden-Kostolac avec des sјpultures а catacombes venus du nord-est. Ces peuples de cavaliers[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]portaient des haches de combat de section polygonales et des couteaux losangiques en cuivre. Ils utilisaient des poteries noires polies[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1](parfois avec des anses) dјcorјes de signes solaires (cercles concentriques) incisјs, pointillјs et sillonnјs. Leurs descendants јtaient[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]connus dans l'antiquitј sous le nom de "Vјnиtes" en Italie du nord-est et en Slovјnie. Plusieurs tribus issues de la culture de Vucedol[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]partiront envahir l'Italie. Ces hommes, appelјs "italiotes" ou "italiques", seront les ancиtres directs des latins (Romains et Falisques) et[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]des osco-ombriens.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Vucedol culture: in Croatia, Hungary, Bosnia, Austria, Czech Rep., Slovenia, Slovakia, and Germany, where men and womed were[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]buried toguether along offers. From there surely came the Apenine Culture of Italy.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]In Vucedol the tumular burials were replaced slowly by simple inhumations and cremations.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Since -1400 Illyrians in the Balkans.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]-1500 Pannonians in north Croatia.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]About -1300 the Illyrians settled on the northern and eastern coasts of the Adriatic Sea. Included among its members were[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]various tribes of Dalmatians and the Pannonians. Those of Illyrians who crossed the Adriatic and settled in Italy spoke the Messapic[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]language.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]IDEA: The Wends in Germany, the Venets in Brittany then could be linked with the dispersal of Illyrian peoples with the[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Urnfield.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]In Croatia -1200/-700 Urnfield Culture with cremation and weapons inside urns.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]IDEA: Such culture might have carried Illyrian there ?[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]The Illyrians were Indo-European tribesmen who appeared in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula about -1000, a period coinciding[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]with the end of the Bronze Age and beginning of the Iron Age. They inhabited much of the area for at least the next millennium.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Archaeologists associate the Illyrians with the Hallstatt culture, an Iron Age people noted for production of iron and bronze swords[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]with winged-shaped handles and for domestication of horses.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]All the western part of the Balkan Peninsula was considered, until recently, inhabited by the Illyrians. Basing on the latest researches,[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]some scientists distinguish Dalmatians and Pannonians from Illyrians, although their languages were close or just Illyrian dialects.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]They also make the difference between Istrians and Liburnians who are close to the Venetians, having lived in present Northern Italy.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]In about -1300 Illyrian and Venetic groups (or one group which was later divided into two) started migrating to the south, from Pannonia[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1](modern Hungary) to Dalmatia (modern Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia).[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Urnfield (-1300), with cremation, spreads to Poland as the Lausitz culture; related to Illyrians and Venets. Secondary expansion to[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Greece, Asia Minor, Lacio, SE France, Catalonia, Netherland, and Dover area.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]IDEA: That would point to an Illyrian occupation of Dalmatia around such epoch.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]After having many children, Cadmus and Harmonia left Thebes in order to defend the Encheleans, a people living in southern Illyria,[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]which is the region north of Epirus, and there defeated the Illyrian intruders.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]IDEA: So by the time of Cadmus (some two centuries before the Trojan Wars), there is attested the presence of Illyrians north of Greece,[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]at least in legends.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]ILYRIANS: Utilisation de tumuli comme lieux de sјpulture jusqu’au dјbut de l’иre chrјtienne est caractјristique de ces populations.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Objets dјposјs lа sont bijoux, armes et monnaies. La grande difficultј pour la connaissance de l’histoire des Illyriens tient а l’absence[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]de texte јcrit en langue illyrienne.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Sufficient is not known either of the language or customs of the Illyrians, by which their race may be ascertained. The most accurate[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]among the ancient writers have always distinguished them as a separate nation, or group of nations, from both the Thracians and Epirots.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]In the practice of tattooing their bodies, and offering human sacrifices, the Illyrians resembled the Thracians.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]IDEA: as the Illyrians do not appear in history before the PeloponnesianWar, it seems that the classics before that might[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]have taken Illyrians as Thracians... Otherwise similar customs could have in fact a substrate origin.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]After Illyrians began their movement to the south from the Danube valley, Phrygian tribes which probably came to the Balkans[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]together with some branches of the Hellenic group were forced to leave their settlements and start the migration which was to[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]play an important role in Anatolia. At first they lived in the northern Balkans, contacting with Thracians, Illyrians and[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Doric Greeks, and now had to cross the Bosporus and to settle in West Asia Minor, among non-Indo-European tribes who[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]lived in Troy and other towns here.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times]
[SIZE=-1]DALMATIANS = PANNONIANS = ILLYRIANS[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]-1500/-1200 Liburni in Istria[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]Appian, The Foreign Wars: "The Liburni, another Illyrian tribe, were next to the Ardiжi as a nautical people". In another text:[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]"At the time when Cжsar held the command in Gaul these same Dalmatians and other Illyrians, who were then in a very prosperous[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]condition, took the city of Promona from the Liburni, another Illyrian tribe." And also: "They were supplanted by the Taulantii,[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]an Illyrian tribe, who were displaced in their turn by the Liburnians, another Illyrian tribe, who were in the habit of making piratical[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1]expeditions against their neighbors, with very swift ships."[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman,Times][SIZE=-1][/SIZE][/FONT]