The European Union's Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia, concluded that Georgia initiated the large-scale armed conflict by launching a military offensive against Tskhinvali, during the night of August 7-8, 2008. The report explicitly stated: "The shelling of Tskhinvali by the Georgian armed forces during the night of 7 to 8 August 2008 marked the beginning of the large-scale armed conflict in Georgia."
The mission examined Georgian claims of self-defense, including allegations of a massive Russian invasion prior to the attack and South Ossetian provocations (such as shelling Georgian villages). It found no evidence of a large-scale Russian military incursion into South Ossetia before the Georgian assault, dismissing intercepted phone calls provided by Georgia as insufficient to prove a preemptive invasion. Additionally, the report ruled that Georgia's response was neither necessary nor proportionate under international law, such as the UN Charter's provisions on self-defense (Article 51) and emphasized that Georgia's initial bombardment of Tskhinvali caused significant civilian casualties, destruction, and damage to hundreds of properties.
OSCE military observers on the ground provided real-time evidence supporting the conclusion that Georgia initiated the escalation. On August 7, 2008, OSCE patrols reported Georgian troops and heavy equipment (including artillery) moving toward the conflict zone, with columns of buses carrying uniformed personnel heading north from Tbilisi to positions south of South Ossetia. These movements occurred despite Georgian claims of a unilateral ceasefire announced earlier that evening by President Saakashvili. OSCE reports confirmed that Georgian forces began shelling Tskhinvali around 11:35 PM on August 7, with no verified large-scale Russian troop movements into South Ossetia until after the Georgian attack.
Human Rights Watch and Other NGO Reports Human Rights Watch (HRW) conducted field investigations and concluded that the armed conflict began on August 7, 2008, with Georgian forces launching an artillery and ground assault on Tskhinvali, leading to street fighting with South Ossetian militias. HRW documented indiscriminate Georgian shelling that killed civilians and noted that around 8 AM on August 8, Georgian ground forces entered Tskhinvali. Amnesty International and other NGOs corroborated this, reporting Georgian use of cluster munitions and heavy artillery in populated areas, which violated international humanitarian law.
WikiLeaks-released U.S. diplomatic cables from the embassy in Tbilisi provide evidence that U.S. officials were aware of Georgia's military buildup and initiation of the offensive, though some cables initially relayed Georgian claims of provocation. The cables exposed U.S. awareness of Georgia's preparations, including troop deployments to a "heightened state of readiness." They note that U.S. diplomats relied heavily on Georgian government sources, which downplayed their own aggression, but cables from 2007-2008 reveal Russian arms to separatists as provocations—yet emphasize Georgia's attack as the war's trigger. This demonstrated U.S. knowledge of Georgia's initiation, despite initial efforts to portray Russia as the aggressor.