SAM

[RAYTHEON23]

he Indian ministry of defence has confirmed that it has signed a contract with M/s Rafael, Israel for the supply of the SPYDER (Surface-to-air Python and Derby) low level quick reaction missile system (LLQRM) for the Indian Air Force.

In a written statement to the Rajya Sabha, the ministry also said that the induction of the indigenous Trishul SAM system was foreclosed because of its inability to meet certain critical operational requirements. It said the system, however, served as a technology demonstrator and the expertise acquired with the technologies developed during the design and development phase of the Trishul were being utilized for developing a state-of-the-art short range surface to air missile system.Reports in the media over the previous three months have suggested that the $260 million contract would involve the supply of 18 SPYDER systems, with deliveries running through early 2011 to August 2012.
Rafael Armament Development Authority, the MBT Missile Division and Elta Radar Division of Israel Aircraft Industries have announced the SPYDER surface-to-air PYthon 5 and DERby Air Defence Missile System. Rafael is the prime contractor and IAI the major subcontractor for the SPYDER program.
"The SPYDER system is a low-level quick-reaction surface-to-air missile system."
Three SPYDER-SR (short-range) systems have been sold to an undisclosed country. The system was displayed for the first time at the Paris Air Show 2005 in Le Bourget. Company firing tests of the system are currently underway.


In June 2006, SPYDER was selected by the Indian Army. The procurement was finally approved by the approved by the Indian Defence Acquisitions Council in July 2008 and a contract is expected by the end of 2008. 18 systems are required.
SPYDER is a low-level quick-reaction surface-to-air missile system capable of engaging aircraft, helicopters, unmanned air vehicles, drones and precision-guided munitions. It provides air defence for fixed assets and for point and area defence for mobile forces in combat areas.
The SPYDER-SR system has 360° engagement capability and the missiles can be launched from the full-readiness state in less than five seconds from target confirmation. The kill range is from less than 1km to more than 15km and at altitudes from a minimum of 20m to a maximum of 9,000m. The system is capable of multi-target simultaneous engagement and also single, multiple and ripple firing, by day and night and in all weathers.
Rafael is developing a medium-range version, SPYDER-MR, which has a range over 35km at altitudes from 20m to 16km. SPYDER-MR carries eight missiles while SPYDER-SR has four. SPYDER-MR also has a new IAI/Elta MF-STAR surveillance radar.
SPYDER system components

The main components of the SPYDER system are the truck-mounted command and control unit, the missile firing unit with Python 5 and Derby missiles, a field service vehicle and missile supply vehicle.
The vehicles are air-conditioned and also provide protection against biological and chemical warfare (BCW). The system is based on a modular design and system maintenance in the field is through very quick module replacement.
Modes of operation - Python 5 and Derby missile launcher

The system can launch missiles in two modes of operation: lock on before launch (LOBL) and lock on after launch (LOAL). The slant launching method, unlike vertical launch, allows LOBL so the missile's on-board seeker is locked on to the target before launch. The LOBL mode allows the Squadron Commander to confirm the missile is locked on to the designated target prior to launch, gives high kill probability against short-range high-manoeuvring targets and enables the engagement of designated targets by add-on optical sensors.
"SPYDER provides air defence for fixed assets and for point and area defence for mobile forces in combat areas."
A typical SPYDER squadron consists of one mobile command and control unit (CCU) and four mobile firing units (MFU).
The CCU and MFUs each have their own built-in power supplies. The system features an automated computer, assisting the operators in the successful completion of hostile target interceptions in intense battlefield environments. The mobile CCU is equipped with a surveillance radar and two operator stations. There is a radio datalink between the CCU and the four MFUs.
The CCU combines data from the local surveillance radar and from upper tier command and control centres up to 100km away. There is also provision for receiving air situation pictures from other datalinks.
The air situation picture (ASP) is displayed at the operator's workstation in the command centre. When the operator decides to launch, an automatic procedure is initiated. The CCU assigns the target to the appropriate launch unit.
If the target is within acquisition range the missile is launched in LOBL mode. If the target is beyond seeker acquisition range the missile is launched in LOAL mode. The seeker searches for the target and switches to homing phase when the target is acquired.
Both the Derby and the Python 5 missiles can operate in LOBL and LOAL modes. The target is destroyed by the warhead blasting on impact or by proximity fuse.
Truck-mounted command and control unit

The command and control unit is housed in a truck-mounted shelter with a mounted radar, information friend or foe (IFF) interrogator and communication equipment. The VHF/UHF interference-free communication system is for internal squadron communication and to upper tier command.
Elta EL/M 2106 ATAR 3D surveillance radar

The Elta EL/M 2106 ATAR 3D surveillance radar can simultaneously track up to 60 targets. The radar has 360° operation and all-weather day and night capability. The radar includes advanced electronic counter countermeasures (ECCM) for operation in dense hostile electronic warfare environments.
"A typical SPYDER squadron consists of one mobile command and control unit (CCU) and four mobile firing units (MFU)."
Truck-mounted missile launcher

SPYDER uses a truck-mounted missile firing unit which is equipped with a communications system and fitted with a 360° rotatable, electro-mechanically operated, turret-based launch unit. The SPYDER-SR launch unit carries any combination of four Python 5 or Derby missiles.
Python 5 missile

The Python 5 missile is Rafael's new very high agility dogfight air-to-air missile. Python 5 is a development of the Python 4 with a dual-band focal plane array and imaging infrared (IIR) seeker which gives a very wide field of view.
Python 5 retains the same airframe - with pitch and yaw control, delta-shaped canards and two roll control swept fins and the same rocket motor, warhead and fuse - as the Python 4 missile. The wide field of view allows LOAL at an angle of more than 100° off boresight. The dual-band seeker gives increased detection range, improved target discrimination against background clutter and a lower false target acquisition rate.
In LOAL mode, the target data is transferred from the command and control unit via the launcher to the missile. The missile's guidance and control systems are active for a three times longer period than for the earlier Python, enabling the missile to counter targets making evasive manoeuvres. The high explosive fragmentation warhead is fitted with an active laser proximity fuse.
Derby missile

The Derby missile is a medium-range, active radar-guided missile originally developed for the air-to-air role. The air defence missile has all-weather and beyond visual range capability.
Derby has a similar body design to the Python missile. An active RF radar / infrared seeker, developed by IAI, is installed in the nose of the missile. The missile incorporates an advanced programmable ECCM system. Derby operates in LOBL mode for short-range target engagement and LOAL mode for medium-range engagements.

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The SPYDER-SR mobile firing unit. The launcher can carry any combination of four Python 5 or Derby missiles.

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SPYDER is a low-level quick reaction surface-to-air missile system capable of engaging aircraft, helicopters, unmanned air vehicles, drones and precision-guided munitions.

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The SPYDER command and control shelter. It can receive data from upper tier command and control from a distance of up to 100km.

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The SPYDER-SR command and control unit with the mast-mounted Elta EL/M 2106 ATAR 3-D surveillance radar, which can simultaneously track up to 60 targets.

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SPYDER air defence deployment. A typical SPYDER squadron consists of one mobile command and control unit and four mobile firing units.

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The Derby medium-range, active radar-guided missile, seen here on a HMMWV launch vehicle.

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[RAYTHEON23]

The main components of the SPYDER-SR air defence system – one command and control unit (CCU), four mobile firing units (MFU), 16 Python 5 and Derby missiles and a missile supply vehicle.




The supply is regarded as part of the country's attempt to upgrade its badly outdated anti-aircraft and missile defences, which still rely on antiquated Soviet era OSA-AKM [SA-8 Gecko] and ZRK-BD MR/LR-SAM

The medium range and long range surface-to-air system (MR/LR-SAM) is an Rs10,000 crore (approximately $2.5 billion) project for use by India's land forces. As it did in its development of the PJ-10 BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, a joint venture with Russia, India hopes to create a breakthrough in SAM technologies through a joint venture with Israel.

RAFAEL would be the prime contractor operating under the auspices of the Israel Aircraft Industries.

The MR/LR-SAM systems will address critical air defense weaknesses and upgrade "protection of vital and strategic ground assets and area air defence."

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) will be the 'prime developer' for the project which will have a Rs2,300 crore indigenous component. IAI will contribute most of the applicable technology, the same as Russia did for the BrahMos by offering its SS-N-26 Oniks missile as the base platform.

The MR/LR-SAM may surpass even the BrahMos to become the largest joint defence development project ever undertaken by India with any other country.

Running over a time span of 4-5 years the project seeks to provide Indian land forces with at least nine advanced air defence squadrons initially, each with two MR-SAM firing units.

Again, reports would suggest that through the development programme IAI and its Israeli partners will transfer all relevant technologies and manufacturing capabilities to India. The 4-year, $300 million system design and development phase will develop unique system elements and also an initial tranche of the land-based missiles. The procurement of the system was finally approved by the Defence Acquisitions Council in July 2008 and a contract for the supply of 18 systems has now been signed.

SPYDER is a low-level, quick-reaction, surface-to-air missile (LLQRM) system capable of engaging aircraft, helicopters, unmanned air vehicles, drones and precision-guided munitions. The system provides air defence for fixed assets and for point and area defence for mobile forces in combat areas.

The SPYDER-SR (short range) system has 360° engagement capability and the missiles can be launched from the full-readiness state in less than five seconds post target confirmation. The kill range is specified as being less than 1km to more than 15km. The altitudes range from a minimum of 20m to a maximum of 9,000m. The system is capable of multi-target simultaneous engagement and also single, multiple and ripple firing, by day and night and in all weathers.

Rafael is developing a medium-range version, SPYDER-MR, which has a range over 35km at altitudes from 20m to 16km. SPYDER-MR carries eight missiles while SPYDER-SR has four.

SPYDER-MR also has new IAI/Elta MF-STAR surveillance radar.

The main components of the SPYDER system are the truck-mounted command and control unit, the missile firing unit with Python 5 and Derby missiles, a field service vehicle and missile supply vehicle.

The system can launch missiles in two modes of operation: lock on before launch (LOBL) and lock on after launch (LOAL).

A typical SPYDER squadron consists of one mobile command and control unit (CCU) and four mobile firing units (MFU). The mobile CCU is equipped with a surveillance radar and two operator stations with a radio datalink between the CCU and the four MFUs.

The CCU combines data from the local surveillance radar and from upper tier command and control centres up to 100km away. There is also provision for receiving air situation pictures (ASP) from other datalinks.

The VHF/UHF interference-free communication system is for internal squadron communication and to upper tier command.

If the target is within acquisition range the missile is launched in LOBL mode, and in the LOAL mode if the target is beyond seeker acquisition range.

Both the Derby and the Python 5 missiles can operate in LOBL and LOAL modes and deploy warheads that blast on impact or by proximity fuse.

The Elta EL/M 2106 ATAR 3D surveillance radar can simultaneously track up to 60 targets. The radar has 360° operation and all-weather day and night capability. The radar includes advanced electronic counter countermeasures (ECCM) for operation in dense hostile electronic warfare environments.

The Python and the Derby

The Python 5 missile is Rafael's new very high agility dogfight air-to-air missile and is supposed to be the most capable AAM in Israel's inventory. It has BVR (beyond visual range), LOAL (lock-on after launch), and all-aspect, all-direction (including backward) attack capability.

The missile has an advanced electro-optical imaging infrared seeker (IIR or ImIR) that scans the target area for hostile aircraft, then locks-on for terminal chase. The missile is supposed to be as manuevorable as air-to-air missiles with thrust vectoring technology.

The missile's guidance and control systems are active for a three times longer period than with earlier versions of the Python, enabling the missile to counter targets making evasive manoeuvres.

The high explosive fragmentation warhead is fitted with an active laser proximity fuse.

The Python 5 has a range of 20km.

Also known as the Alto, the Derby missile is a BVR, medium-range active-radar seeker missile. Though not part of the Python family, the missile is basically an enlarged Python-4 with an active-radar seeker. It has a range of 50 km.Both missiles have a speed of Mach 4.

 

[RAYTHEON23]

inaku videte francija ke go menja BUK-M1

Helsinki - Finland's Ministry of Defense (MoD) is considering proposals to upgrade the capability of the country's surface-to-air missile system (SAMS) that could result in replacement of its Russian-built 9K37 Buk-M1 (SA-11 Gadfly) system.
Finland took delivery of 18 Gadfly missile systems in 2006, as part of a military hardware for Soviet-era debt barter deal negotiated between the Finnish and Russian governments. The value of the deal amounted to $300 million. The Gadfly is currently halfway through its life cycle.
Related Topics

• Europe
• Air Warfare

The MoD is examining possible NATO-standard SAMS replacement versions, including the Norwegian-Kongsberg NASAMS and the French-Italian SAMP/T system. The project procurement costs are estimated at $700 million.
Defense Minister Jyri Häkämies declined to comment on who the possible candidates in the proposed SAMS replacement are. One MoD source said the project is in a "sensitive phase." The 2009 defense budget makes no special reference to funding for a new SAMS.
The Finnish Air Force hopes that a new NATO-based SAMS could be in place by 2012, said Lt. Col. Sampo Eskelinen, Defense Forces Staff spokesman. The FAF's view is that "modernizing" the Gadfly missiles may not be practical, Eskelinen said.
The Kongsberg NASAMS, which has a range of 16 miles, could be deployed on the FAF's fleet of F-18C/D Hornet fighter jets. The Gadfly has a range of 22 miles, while the French-Italian SAMP/T has a range of 62 miles.

imensions Missile Body Length
520cm
Missile Body Diameter
40cm
Fins
4 x delta-shaped fins
Fin Diameter
85cm
Range
70km
Maximum Altitude
Over 24km
Time of Flight
Between 9 seconds and three and a half minutes



Patriot is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather air defence system to counter tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and advanced aircraft. Patriot (MIM-104) is produced by Raytheon in Massachusetts and Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control in Florida.
"The Patriot missile is a
long-range,
all-altitude,
all-weather air defence system."
As well as the USA, Patriot is in service in Egypt, Germany, Greece, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia and Taiwan.


Patriot missile systems were deployed by US forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom. The systems were stationed in Kuwait and successfully destroyed a number of hostile surface-to-surface missiles using the new PAC-3 and guidance enhanced missiles.
Patriot missile

The Patriot missile is equipped with a track-via-missile (TVM) guidance system. Midcourse correction commands are transmitted to the guidance system from the mobile engagement control centre.
The target acquisition system in the missile acquires the target in the terminal phase of flight and transmits the data using the TVM downlink via the ground radar to the engagement control station for final course correction calculations. The course correction commands are transmitted to the missile via the missile track command uplink. The high-explosive 90kg warhead is situated behind the terminal guidance section.
The range of the missile is 70km and maximum altitude is greater than 24km. The minimum flight time is the time to arm the missile, which is less than nine seconds, and the maximum flight time is less than three and a half minutes.
Patriot GEM-T upgrade
Raytheon has developed the Patriot guidance enhanced missile (GEM-T), an upgrade to the PAC-2 missile. The upgrade involves a new fuse and the insertion of a new low noise oscillator which increases the seeker's sensitivity to low radar cross-section targets.
The GEM-T missile provides an upgraded capability to defeat air-breathing, cruise and ballistic missiles, as a compliment to the PAC-3 missile. The first upgrade forebodies were delivered to the US Army in November 2002.
770 missiles are being upgraded, of which more than 500 have been delivered. Deliveries are scheduled to conclude in 2007. A further order for 230 GEM-T upgrades was placed in May 2007. This includes a number for Foreign Military Sales (FMS).
In July 2008, South Korea placed an order for 64 GEM-T upgrade kits.
Patriot advanced capability (PAC-3)

A new Patriot advanced capability (PAC-3) missile has increased effectiveness against tactical ballistic and cruise missiles, through the use of advanced hit-to-kill technology. Lockheed Martin is the prime contractor with Raytheon the systems integrator. The PAC-3 has a Ka-band millimetre wave seeker developed by Boeing. The missile guidance system enables target destruction through the kinetic energy released by hitting the target head-on. 16 PAC-3 missiles can be loaded on a launcher, compared to four PAC-2 missiles.
"The Patriot missile is equipped with a track-via-missile (TVM) guidance system."
PAC-3 entered low rate initial production in late 1999 and first LRIP production missiles of a total of 92 were delivered in September 2001. A contract for 88 missiles was placed in December 2002 and another for 12 in March 2003.
The missile was first deployed during Operation Iraqi Freedom in March / April 2003. In February 2004, Lockheed Martin was awarded a production contract for 159 PAC-3 missiles, which includes 22 missiles to replace those expended in Iraq. Deliveries are to complete by April 2006.
A further contract for 156 missiles was received in February 2005. Of these missiles, 32 are for the Netherlands and 16 for Japan under foreign military sales (FMS) agreements. The Netherlands received the first PAC-3 missiles in October 2007. The US Army ordered another 112 missiles in May 2006 and 112 in March 2007.
Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract in January 2007 for the risk reduction / concept definition of a programme for an air-launched Patriot PAC-3 missile system. The F-15C fighter would be the first aircraft to be fitted with the system.
In December 2007, the United Arab Emirates requested the foreign military sale of the Patriot system, including nine Patriot launchers, 288 PAC-3 missiles, 216 Patriot GEM-T missiles. Kuwait has also requested 80 PAC-3 missiles and 60 GEM-T upgrade kits, a contract for the first six upgrade kits was placed in July 2008. In April 2008, Taiwan placed an order for a number of PAC-3 upgrade kits and, in October 2008, requested the sale of 330 PAC-3 missiles.
PAC-3 missile segment enhancement (MSE)
The PAC-3 missile segment enhancement (MSE) is part of a spiral development being undertaken by Lockheed Martin.
The increased range MSE gives the missile a more powerful rocket motor for added thrust and larger fins for increased maneuverability against faster and more sophisticated ballistic and cruise missiles. The MSE began flight testing in May 2008.
The PAC-3 MSE will be the baseline interceptor for the multinational medium extended air defence system (MEADS) under a contract placed in February 2008.
M901 launching station

The M901 launching station transports, points and launches the Patriot missile. Each launcher has four missiles. The launcher is remotely operated via a VHF or fibre-optic data link from the engagement control station, which provides both the missile prelaunch data and the fire command signal.
Engagement control station

The AN/MSQ-104 engagement control station is the only manned station in a Patriot fire unit. The control station communicates with the M901 launching stations, with other Patriot batteries and the higher command headquarters.
The control station is manned by three operators, who have two consoles and a communications station with three radio relay terminals. The digital weapon control computer is located next to the VHF data link terminals.
Radar

The AN/MPQ-53 phased array radar carries out search, target detection, track and identification, missile tracking and guidance and electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) functions. The radar is mounted on a trailer and is automatically controlled by the digital weapons control computer in the engagement control station, via a cable link. The radar system has a range of up to 100km, capacity to track up to 100 targets and can provide missile guidance data for up to nine missiles.
"The M901 launching station transports, points and launches
the Patriot missile."
The US Army Patriot radars are being upgraded by Raytheon. The upgrade kits provide greater power for the radar and the addition of a wideband capability for improved target discrimination.
Target engagement
A target engagement can be carried out in manual, semi-automatic or automatic mode. When the decision has been made to engage the target, the engagement control station selects the launch station or stations and pre-launch data is transmitted to the selected missile. After launch, the Patriot missile is acquired by the radar.
The command uplink and the TVM downlink allow the missile's flight to be monitored and provide missile guidance commands from the weapon control computer. As the missile approaches the target, the TVM guidance system is activated and the missile is steered towards the target. A proximity fuse detonates the high-explosive warhead.

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$1.2bn of Patriot batteries have been recently ordered by Egypt.

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The Patriot launcher.

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The Patriot truck-mounted launcher.

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A Patriot missile being fired.

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The trailer-mounted Raytheon MPQ-53 C-Band tracking radar, is capable of identifying 100 targets.

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Inside the engagement control station.

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:helou:

 

[RAYTHEON23]

Patriot missile systems deployed in Kuwait.

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The PAC-3 will have a Ka-band millimetre wave seeker being developed by Boeing.


SA-9 GASKIN
9K31 Strela-1

The SA-9 GASKIN is a short-range, low-altitude self-propelled SAM-carrying system based on the BRDM-2 chassis. The vehicle carries quadruple SA-9 SAM launchers on a revolving mount in place of the KPV/PK machine gun turret. The missiles


are usually fired in pairs against each target to increase the kill probability, with an interval between rounds of about five seconds. Reloading is performed manually and takes about five minutes. The 30 kilogram Mach 1.5 Strela-1 missile is 1.8 meters long and 0.12 meters in diameter with a wing span of 0.375 meters. It carries an HE-fragmentation warhead and proximity fuse with a lethal radius of 5 meters and damage radius of 7.6 meters. The original version of the Strela-1 was known as the 9M31 (SA-9A GASKIN Mod 0) and used an uncooled first-generation lead sulfide (PbS) infra-red (IR) seeker operating. This was supplemented by the 9M31M variant (SA-9B GASKIN Mod 1) which has an improved seeker providing greater target sensitivity and lock on ability. The minimum range of the 9M31 is 800 m and the maximum range 6500 m within altitude limits of 15 to 5200 m. The minimum range of the 9M31M is 560 meters and the maximum range 8000 meters (increasing to a possible 11000 meters when used in a tail-chase engagement) within altitude limits of 10 to 6100 meters. When engaging a head-on target the system has a considerably reduced range. One SA-9 TEL (SA-9 Mod A, BRDM-2A1 or SA-9A TEL) in each battery is fitted with FLAT BOX A passive radar detection antenna, one either side of the hull above the front wheel housings, one under the left launch canisters pointing forward and one mounted on a small frame above the rear engine deck plate pointing rearwards to give 360º coverage. The TEL without the FLAT BOX A system is known as the SA-9 Mod-B, BRDM-2A2 or SA-9B.
The BRDM-2 transporter erector launcher (TEL) has the chain-driven belly wheels removed and the normal turret replaced by one with four ready to launch SA-9 container-launcher boxes. These are normally lowered to the horizontal when traveling to reduce the overall height of the vehicle. The vehicle crew of three consists of the commander, driver and gunner. An air-filtration and overpressure NBC system are standard.​

Missile Specifications


9M31
9M31M Length: 1.803 m 1.803 m Diameter: 0.12 m 0.12 m Wing span: 0.36 0.36 Max speed: Mach 1.8 Mach 1.8 Max target speed: 300 m/s 300 m/s Launch weight: 32 kg 32 kg Max effective range: 4,200 m 8,000 m Min effective range: 800 m 560 m Max effective altitude: 3,500 m 6,100 m Min effective altitude: 30 m 10 m Guidance: 1-3 m waveband uncooled PbS passive IR homing seeker 1-5 m waveband cooled PbS passive IR homing seeker Propulsion: single-stage solid propellant rocket motor single-stage solid propellant rocket motor Warhead: 2.6 kg HE fragmentation with contact and proximity fuzing 2.6 kg HE fragmentation with contact and proximity fuzing basic load on vehicle 4 reload time (min) 5 radar(s) Passive radar detection antenna giving 360º coverage emplace/displace time (min) 25895 chassis Modified BRDM-2 chassis
4 wheels speed, road 100 water 10 road range (kg) 750 crew 3






janesto za arrow posle ke ima uste:helou:

П.С мислам дека штом има тема носачи има форумџии заинтересирани и за ПВО,па така се надевам модераторите нема да ја фиросаат темава многу време барав за точните ДАТА:smir:

ова за арроњ е интересно

Arrow
Izraelska je vojska razvila sustav Arrow kao dalekometni protubalistički štit koji će otkloniti sve nedostatke Patriota. Sustav se razvija od 1988. kao zajednički izraelsko-američki projekt kako bi se Izraelu dala mogućnost da se obrani od prijetnji iz Irana i Sirije. Nositelj razvoja je tvrtka Israel Aerospace Industries/MLM Division s Boeingom kao glavnim podugovaračem. Sjedinjene Države su osigurale 80 posto novca, a do danas je potrošeno oko 2,5 milijardi američkih dolara. Dodatnih 800 milijuna planira se potrošiti na daljnja unapređenja. Dosad su naručene tri bitnice, od kojih je prva postavljena u Palmahim blizu Tel Aviva 1999. godine.



Dva podsustava Arrow sustava: radar Green Pine ... Najvažniji dio sustava je radar Green Pine koji su razvile tvrtke IAI i Elta Electronics. Radar je sposoban otkriti ciljeve na udaljenosti od 500 kilometara koji lete brzinom od 3000 metara u sekundi. Projektil Arrow-2 prvi je put testiran 30. srpnja 1995. Ovaj dvostupanjski projektil može uništavati ciljeve na visinama od 8000 do 50 000 metara na udaljenosti od 70 kilometara. U veljači 2007. Arrow-2 je uspješno pogodio metu Black Sparrow koja je oponašala let iranskog balističkog projektila Shihab-3 opremljenog nuklearnom bojnom glavom. Navodno bi iduće testiranje trebalo potvrditi mogućnost Arrowa da uspješno uništava više ciljeva istodobno.
Magic Wand
Magic Wand (ili Short Range Missile Defense - SRMD) zajednički je program tvrtki Rafael i Raytheon, namijenjen uništavanju balističkih projektila malog i srednjeg dometa te raketa velikog dometa (do 70 do 200 kilometara). Osnova sustava je projektil Stunner koji će rabiti infracrveni sustav za samonavođenje s Rafaelovog projektila zrak-zrak Python. Po tvrdnjama tvrtke Raytheon cijena Stunnera bit će tek jedna šestina cijene projektila Pac-3 (koji stoji tri milijuna američkih dolara po komadu). Raytheon je odabrao tvrtku Alliant Techsystems (ATK) za razvoj Stunnerovog startnog raketnog motora. Očekuje se da će Magic Wand dosegnuti spremnost za serijsku proizvodnju do kraja 2011. godine.

Aster имаат мака израелците..под закана се нон-стоп:helou:

 

[RAYTHEON23]

EDEN OD NAJDOBRITE...ZAMISLETE ARROW I PATRIOT-VERZIJATA SE NA PRVO MESTO POTOA S-300 NA VTORO A S-400 NA 3 PO NAJNOVITE SIMULACII ARROW NEMAL PROMASAJ AMANALET POJKE SE PLASAT OD S-300 NELI.

The multifunctional Don radar had a shape of a truncated pyramid with equal length and width (100 meters), and height of 45 meters. Phased arrays with diameter of 16 meters each were mounted on four sides of the pyramid. Along with the digital processing of incoming signals and information, this radar features an antimissile missile control channel and a wide range of probing signals, making its operation possible in various modes. The resolution characteristics of the radar are excellent, and it can see space objects a few centimeters in size.

Building of the radar began in 1978, and it reached full operational
capability around 1989. The modified Don 2NP large multifunction phased-array radar at Pushkino is an integral part of the A-135 Moscow ABM system. The radar, which has 360-degree coverage, provides support for GAZELLE and GORGON interceptor systems.
TAO E RADAROT NA S-300....
Don-2NP Pill Box
56°10'30"N 37°45'54"E
56.175°N 37.770°E

In September 1967, Yu.V. Votintsev was appointed chairman of an inter-departmental commission for examining new ABM system and equipment designs. The commission rejected the designs by A.L. Mints for the Don-2N multifunctional radar, since it did not resolve the main problems of antiballistic-missile defense with the required effectiveness -- the discrimination of ballistic missile warheads in the presence of countermeasures.
By June 1975 it possible to define the purpose and time periods of development and creation of the new Moscow ABM system. The Mints Radiotechnical Institute (RTI) was assigned the task of developing and constructing facilities for the upgraded Moscow ABM defense system, and V.K. Sloka was the chief designer. The Don-2NP multifunctional radar [known in the West as PILL BOX] is located not far from Pushkino (Moscow region).
The multifunctional Don radar had a shape of a truncated pyramid with equal length and width (100 meters), and height of 45 meters. Phased arrays with diameter of 16 meters each were mounted on four sides of the pyramid. Along with the digital processing of incoming signals and information, this radar features an antimissile missile control channel and a wide range of probing signals, making its operation possible in various modes. The resolution characteristics of the radar are excellent, and it can see space objects a few centimeters in size.
Building of the radar began in 1978, and it reached full operational capability around 1989. The modified Don 2NP large multifunction phased-array radar at Pushkino is an integral part of the A-135 Moscow ABM system. The radar, which has 360-degree coverage, provides support for GAZELLE and GORGON interceptor systems.
Zaloga reports that this facility is located at Krasnoarmeisk, but provides coordinates that are substantially different from those provided by NIMA [Krasnoarmeisk, aka Krasnoarmeysk, PPLX 48°31'48"N 44°37'59"E].
A map that appeared in Soviet Military Power incorrectly labeled the radar site as a [non-existent] Moscow ABM launcher complex under construction, and placed the radar location several kilometers to the east of the actual location.
According to one published Russian report, the main radar station and computer complex are "in the region of the town of Fryazino" near Moscow. Fryazino is small scientific town, located in the north-east area of Moscow region, 25 km from Moscow [Fryazino PPL 55°38'00"N 38°30'00"E, and Fryazino PPL 55°57'38"N 38°02'44"E]. Fryazino is located on Metshersk lowland on the river Luboseevka running into the river Vorya (the left inflow of the river Klyaz'ma). It had a population of 54,000 as of 1992. Large enterprises at the location of the modern city appeared in the middle of the 19th century (factory Kondrashovykh-Kaptchovykh). In 1900 a factory for mechanical engines was built, and about 450 persons worked in the factory by 1916. In 1934 a mechanical plant was built, and at the end of 1930s a branch-line from Ivanteyevka (located on the railway line Moscow - Yaroslavl) to Fryazino was constructed. Since 1938 it is a worker's settlement Fryazino, and since 1951 it became a city. Later the city developed as a center of microelectronics.
The Fryazino part of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FIRE RAS) together with Special Design Bureau was founded in 1955. The total staff of the FIRE RAS is about 1000. About 700 researchers and engineers, including 58 doctors and 230 candidates of sciences work in 60 laboratoriesof the FIRE RAS. The laboratories of the FIRE RAS are located in 6 separate buildings and take the area of 13000 square metres. The total area of the FIRE RAS territory is 68 hectares. Work at the institute includes fundamental researches in radio engineering, radio physics, electronics and informatics, as well as applied researches, development of high technologies and design of new scientific instruments.
Other scientific institutions and organizations include Research-and-production enterprise "Cyclone - Test", Production enterprise "Electron-device" and State research-and-production enterprise "Istok".
ISTOK is the State Research and Production Corporation (SRPC) of the former USSR, and one of the largest producers of microwave components inthe world. Founded in 1943, ISTOK's capabilities encompass almost every equivalent of US and European technology. ISTOK is the leading microwave tube company in Russia and has research,development, and manufacturing facilities located in the Moscow area. Founded in 1943, ISTOK designs and manufactures klystrons, TWTs, BWOs, IOTs, CFAs, magnetrons, solid state devices, and complete microwave and millimeter subsystems. ISTOK had a broad product line of rugged magnetron and klystron powertubes at 5800, 2450, 915, and 460 MHz with CW power levels from 100 W to 100 kW for industrial processing. ISTOK has an extraordinary array of industrial products. ISTOK magnetrons are manufactured in Russia in the Fryazino Region of Moscow. The strict manufacturing and quality control procedures for Russian military products are enforced throughout the Fryazino plant for all products. ISTOK's plant, with 8,500 employees and 270,000 square meters of space, has manufactured thousands of high quality microwave and millimeter tubes for military and industrial applications.

Although the general location of the PILL BOX radar is well established, evidently the exact location is a matter of some confusion. In fact the radar site is 48 kilometers North of Moscow, about 2 kilometers from the town of Balabanovo [which is located at 56°11'00"N 037°44'00"E - 56.183°N 37.733°"E]. This is established through SPOT imagery, which reveals a large circular exclusion zone around the radar complex, centered at 56°10'30"N 37°45'54"E. Previous analysis of LANDSAT imagery which provided coordinates at 56°12'24"N 37°45'35"E would appear to have been in error.



SPOT Imagery
Click on the small image to view a larger version

ETE KAKO S-300 RETKO DAZGRESI

 

[RAYTHEON23]

S-300 ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILES AT SHOOTING PRACTICE HIT ALL THE TARGETS
KHABAROVSK, FEBRUARY 4. RIA NOVOSTI -
The high efficiency of Russian S-300 antiaircraft missile complexes, the supply of which is being planned to Cyprus, has been confirmed at a shooting practice in the Far Eastern Military District. All the air targets were hit, a RIA Novosti correspondent was told in the FEMD press service. The shooting was carried out in particularly complex weather conditions at sea-based cruise missiles not only on head-on courses, but also in pursuit of the targets. Cruise missiles are capable of manoeuvring and fly at an altitude of only 25-50 metres.
Vehemently opposed to Russia's selling these defensive weapons to Cyprus are certain circles in the West, esepcially Turkey, the authorities of which have even threatened to strike at the S-300 sites on the island. In turn, Russia has declared its readiness to additionally supply Cyprus with Tuman systems that "blind" low-flyign planes and force them to rise higher.
(dev/lnv) -0-

izgleda zaradi arrow bmu padnal rejtingot..sega moznosta za pogodok e 72%:smir:

amaeve go mojot favorit(samo imeto neznaev deka mi go kopilare moeto e kratenka ray th(rough)aeon=age ary tru age amaja nalet:pos2::pos2::pos2:

Raytheon SAM-A-18/M3/MIM-23 Hawk

The Hawk was the first mobile medium-range guided anti-aircraft missile deployed by the U.S. Army, and was the oldest SAM system still in use by U.S. armed forces in the late 1990s.
Development studies for a semi-active radar homing medium-range surface-to-air missile system were begun by the U.S. Army in 1952 under the designation SAM-A-18 Hawk (Homing All the Way Killer). In July 1954, development contracts were awarded to Raytheon for the missile, and to Northrop for launcher, radars, and fire-control system. The first launch of an XSAM-A-18 test missile occurred in June 1956, and the initial development phase was completed in July 1957. By that time, the Hawk had been redesignated as Guided Missile, Aerial Intercept, XM3 (and XM3E1). Initial Operational Capability of the M3 Hawk was achieved with the U.S. Army in August 1959, and in 1960 the M3 was also fielded by U.S. Marine Corps units. The Hawk system was used by many NATO and other countries, and the missile was license-built in Western Europe and Japan. There were two training versions of the original Hawk missile, designated XM16 and XM18.
The M3 Hawk surface-to-air missile is powered by an Aerojet General M22E8 dual-thrust (boost/sustain) solid-propellant rocket motor, and is controlled in flight by its large triangular fins with trailing-edge control surfaces. It is armed with a 54 kg (119 lb) high-explosive blast-fragmentation warhead, which is equipped with both impact and radar proximity fuzes. The missile is guided by an X-band CW (Continuous Wave) monopulse semi-active radar seeker, and has an effective engagement range of 2-25 km (1.25-15 miles). A Hawk unit uses several different ground radars and control systems. The radar systems include the AN/MPQ-35 C-band PAR (Pulse Acquisition Radar) for high/medium-altitude threat detection, the AN/MPQ-34 CWAR (Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar) for low-level threat detection, the AN/MPQ-33 (or -39) HPI (High-Power Illuminator) which tracks designated targets and provides target illumination for the missile's seeker, and the AN/MPQ-37 ROR (Range Only Radar) which is a K-band pulse radar to provide ranging data when the other radars are jammed by countermeasures (the ROR reduces jamming vulnerability by transmitting only when designated).

[SIZE=-1]Photo: U.S. Army[/SIZE] MIM-23A

The Hawk missiles are transported on and launched from M192 triple-missile towed launchers. In 1967, the U.S. Army tested a self-propelled Hawk ("SP-HAWK") system, which mounted the launchers on tracked M727 (modified M548 transports) vehicles. The first Hawk units were equipped with SP-HAWK in 1969, but the system is no longer in service.

[SIZE=-1]Photo: U.S. Army[/SIZE] MIM-23A (on M727)

In June 1963, all Hawk missiles were redesignated in the MIM-23 series as follows:
Old Designation New Designation XM3 XMIM-23A M3 MIM-23A XM16 XMTM-23B XM18 XMTM-23C The XMTM-23B/C designations were short-lived, however, and the B/C suffix letters were later reused for improved Hawk missiles.
To counter advanced low-altitude threats, the Army began a Hawk Improvement Program (HAWK/HIP) in 1964. This involved numerous upgrades to the Hawk system, including the addition of a digital data processing central information coordinator for target processing, threat ordering, and intercept evaluation. The AN/MPQ-35 PAR, AN/MPQ-34 CWAR, AN/MPQ-33/39 HPI, and AN/MPQ-37 ROR were replaced by upgraded variants designated AN/MPQ-50, AN/MPQ-48, AN/MPQ-46, and AN/MPQ-51, respectively. The Hawk missile itself was upgraded to MIM-23B I-HAWK (Improved Hawk) configuration. The MIM-23B had a larger 74 kg (163 lb) blast-fragmentation warhead, a smaller and improved guidance package, and a new M112 rocket motor. The I-HAWK system was declared operational in 1971, and by 1978 all U.S. Hawk units had converted to the new standard. The effective range envelope of the MIM-23B is extended to 1.5-40 km (5000 ft - 25 miles) at high altitude (2.5-20 km (8200 ft - 12.4 miles) at low altitude), and minimum engagement altitude is 60 m (200 ft). There is also a training version of the I-HAWK designated MTM-23B. The XMEM-23B is a variant with a full telemetry equipment for test and evaluation purposes.

[SIZE=-1]Photo: U.S. Army[/SIZE] MIM-23 (exact model unknown)

Beginning in 1977, the U.S. Army started an extensive multi-phase Hawk PIP (Product Improvement Plan), mainly intended to improve and upgrade the ground equipment. PIP Phase I involved replacement of the CWAR with the AN/MPQ-55 Improved CWAR (ICWAR), and the upgrade of the AN/MPQ-50 PAR to Improved PAR (IPAR) configuration by the addition of a digital MTI (Moving Target Indicator). The first PIP Phase I systems were fielded in 1979. PIP Phase II, developed from 1978 and fielded between 1983 and 1986, upgraded the AN/MPQ-46 HPI to AN/MPQ-57 standard by replacing some tube electronics with modern solid-state circuits, and added a TAS (Tracking Adjunct System). The TAS, designated OD-179/TVY, is an electro-optical (TV) tracking system to increase Hawk operability and survivability in a high-ECM environment. The PIP Phase III development was started in 1983, and was first fielded by U.S. forces in 1989. Phase III is a major upgrade which significantly enhanced computer hard- and software for most components (new CWAR is designated AN/MPQ-62), added single-scan target detection capability, and upgraded the HPI to AN/MPQ-61 standard by addition of a Low-Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement (LASHE) system. LASHE allows the Hawk system to counter saturation attacks by simultaneously intercepting multiple low-level targets. The ROR is no longer used by Phase III Hawk units.
The following table summarizes the designations of the main radars of the Hawk air-defense system:
System ConfigurationPARCWARHPIROR Basic HawkAN/MPQ-35AN/MPQ-34AN/MPQ-33/39AN/MPQ-37 Improved HawkAN/MPQ-50AN/MPQ-48AN/MPQ-46AN/MPQ-51 PIP Phase IAN/MPQ-55 PIP Phase IIAN/MPQ-57 PIP Phase IIIAN/MPQ-62AN/MPQ-61(n/a) The MIM-23B Hawk missile was improved in parallel with the PIP upgrades. The MIM-23C, introduced around 1982, has improved ECCM capabilities. The MIM-23D is similar to the MIM-23C, but I don't have any further details. The official source [5] describes it plainly as an "upgraded MIM-23C", but this is simply a standard phrase used for subsequent versions and could mean anything, including a non-tactical model used for live training. The telemetry-equipped test and evaluation model of the MIM-23C/D is designated MEM-23C.
The MIM-23E and MIM-23F, introduced in 1990, are developments of the MIM-23C and MIM-23D, respectively, with an improved guidance section for low-level engagements in high-clutter/multi-jamming environments. The MEM-23D is the telemetry-equipped test and evaluation model of the MIM-23E/F.
The MIM-23G and MIM-23H are variants of the MIM-23E and MIM-23F, respectively, with a new body section assembly. The corresponding test and evaluation missile is the MEM-23E.

[SIZE=-1]Photo: U.S. Army[/SIZE] MIM-23 (exact model unknown)

In 1991, the USMC successfully demonstrated the use of a modified Lockheed Martin AN/TPS-59 tactical long-range radar system to search and track Theater Ballistic Missiles (TBM) in conjunction with a Hawk fire-control unit. The AN/TPS-59(V)3 radar can track targets at up to 475 km (295 miles) range and 150 km (90 miles) altitude. Although no actual firing took place, these tests prompted the USMC to upgrade its Hawk units with an anti-TBM capability. The MIM-23G/H Hawk missiles were upgraded to Enhanced Lethality Missile configuration, designated MIM-23K and MIM-23J, respectively (note "reversed" suffix letters). The MIM-23J/K has a new high-grain fragmentation warhead and new fuzing circuitry to make it effective against ballistic missiles, and in 1994, several intercepts of MGM-52 Lance short-range ballistic missiles were successful. The MIM-23L and MIM-23M missiles have the new fuzing circuits of the MIM-23K and MIM-23J, respectively, but don't have the latter's new warhead. The telemetry-equipped test and evaluation model of the MIM-23J/K/L/M missiles is designated MEM-23F.
The following table summarizes the designations of the developments of the MIM-23B I-HAWK missile, and the corresponding test and evaluation versions. Because the MEM versions use sequential suffix letters, and each MEM variant corresponds to several MIM missiles, the letters for MIM and MEM versions are "out-of-sync".
Type of MissileTactical ModelT&E Model Basic I-HAWKMIM-23BXMEM-23B Improved ECCMMIM-23CMIM-23DMEM-23C Low-level/multi-jamming capabilityMIM-23EMIM-23FMEM-23D New body sectionMIM-23GMIM-23HMEM-23E New warhead + fuzing (anti-TBM)MIM-23KMIM-23JMEM-23F New fuzing only, old warheadMIM-23LMIM-23M The U.S. Army also used the MIM-23K missile for a brief period, but not in the anti-TBM role. The last active Army Hawk unit was deactivated in 1994, and the last Army National Guard units disposed of the Hawk system in the 1996/97 time frame. The Hawk has been replaced in U.S. Army service by the MIM-104 Patriot and FIM-92 Stinger (and Stinger-based systems like Avenger) missiles for medium- and short-range air-defense, respectively.
The MIM-23K missile and AN/TPS-59(V)3 radar was operational with USMC units from 1995 onwards. Beginning in 1998/99 the USMC started to phase out the Hawk to replace it with the FIM-92 Stinger (leaving some gap in the medium-range air-defense capabilities of the USMC). There are conflicting reports as to whether the phaseout is complete at the time of this writing (late 2002).
Including foreign production, more than 40000 MIM-23 Hawk missiles of all versions were built.
Specifications

Note: Data given by several sources show slight variations. Figures given below may therefore be inaccurate!
Data for MIM-23A/B:
MIM-23AMIM-23B Length5.08 m (16 ft 8 in)5.03 m (16 ft 6 in) Finspan1.19 m (3 ft 11 in) Diameter37 cm (14.5 in) Weight584 kg (1290 lb)635 kg (1400 lb) SpeedMach 2.5 Ceiling13700 m (45000 ft)17700 m (58000 ft) Range25 km (15 miles)40 km (25 miles) PropulsionAerojet M22E8 dual-thrust solid-fueled rocketAerojet M112 dual-thrust solid-fueled rocket Warhead54 kg (119 lb) blast-fragmentation74 kg (163 lb) blast-fragmentation

 

[RAYTHEON23]

e earliest origins of the S-300P series lie in the mid 1960s, when the Soviet Voyska PVO and Ministry of Military Production initiated its development. The aim was to produce an area defence SAM system capable of replacing the largely ineffective S-75/SA-2 Guideline and S-200/SA-5 Gammon systems, neither of which performed well against low flying Wild Weasels, low RCS targets or US support jamming aircraft. The original intent was to design a common SAM system for the Voyska-PVO (Air Defence Forces), Voenno-Morskiy Flot (Navy) and the PVO-SV (Air Defence Corps of the Red Army) but divergent service needs across these three users soon saw commonality drop well below 50%. Ultimately the V-PVO's S-300P series and PVO-SV's S-300V series diverged so completely to become largely unique systems.

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5N63 / 40V6M Flap Lid A (above), towed 5N63 (below).
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The design aims of the original S-300P were to produce a strategic area defence SAM system, intended to protect fixed targets such as government precincts, industrial facilities, command posts and headquarters, military bases, strategic and tactical airfields and nuclear sites. This weapon system was to initially defeat SAC's SRAM firing FB-111As, B-52Hs and then anticipated B-1As, and later the Boeing AGM-86B Air Launched Cruise Missile. The deployment model of the first generation systems was based on the existing S-75/SA-2, S-125/SA-3 and S-200/SA-5 systems, with a semi-mobile package of towed trailer mounted radars and missile Transporter Erector Launchers (TEL).

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5P85-1 TEL (Author)​

The S-300P introduced some important technological innovations. The first generation V-500/5V55 missile used a single stage solid rocket motor, and conceptually is closest to the baseline US Army MIM-104 Patriot. The missile was deployed and handled in a sealed cylindrical launch tube/canister, with a cold start gas generator used to eject the missile vertically before its motor was initiated. The 5P85 TEL was a semi-trailer arrangement, with the forward booms splayed when deployed as stabilisers. The four launch tubes were mounted on a hydraulically elevated frame, retained in later TEL designs. A typical battery would be equipped with three 5P85 TELs, each with four SAMs, or double the SAM complement of the S-75/SA-2 it replaced and permitting 2 rounds per launch. The designation of this TEL following a mid life block upgrade became 5P85-1.

5N63 Flap Lid A Engagement Radar (радиолокатор подсвета и наведенија)

The first generation of the S-300P's 5N63 (later 30N6) Flap Lid A engagement/fire control radar was also innovative, and clearly influenced by the Raytheon MPQ-53 engagement radar for the MIM-104 Patriot. The Flap Lid, like the MPQ-53, uses a transmissive passive shifter technology phased array, with a space (a.k.a. optical) feed into the rear plane of the antenna, using a microwave lens rather than a horn feed. The Flap Lid's antenna stows flat on the roof of the radar cabin, which was initially deployed on a trailer towed by a Ural-357, KrAZ-255 or KrAZ-260 6x6 tractor. The whole radar cabin is mounted on a turntable and used to slew the phased array to cover a 60 degree sector of interest.

MPQ-53 Patriot
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The 5N63 was a huge generational leap in technology from the Fan Song, Low Blow and Square Pair mechanically steered and scanned engagement radars on preceding V-PVO SAMs. With electronic beam steering, very low sidelobes and a narrow pencil beam mainlobe, the 30N6 phased array is more difficult to detect and track by an aircraft's warning receiver when not directly painted by the radar, and vastly more difficult to jam. While it may have detectable backlobes, these are likely to be hard to detect from the forward sector of the radar. As most anti-radiation missiles rely on sidelobes to home in, the choice of engagement geometry is critical in attempting to kill a Flap Lid.

Unlike the Patriot's MPQ-53 engagement radar which has substantial autonomous search capability, the 5N63 is primarily an engagement radar designed to track targets and guide missiles to impact using a command link channel. The absence of dedicated directional antennas on this system indicates that the commands are transmitted via a specialised waveform emitted by the main array. The first generation of the 5V55K missile was command link guided, following the design philosophy of the S-75/SA-2 and S-125/SA-3, with a cited range of 25 nautical miles and altitude limits between 80 ft and 80,000 ft.

S-300PT 5P85-1 TEL
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This variant was designated the S-300PT (P - PVO, T -Transportiruyemiy) and incrementally upgraded models the S-300PT-1, it entered service in 1978. NATO labelled it the SA-10A Grumble.

36D6/ST-68UM/5N59 Tin Shield (РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАја СТАНЦИја)

Two search and acquisition radars were introduced to support the S-300PT, both with 360 degree coverage. The 3D 36D6/ST-68UM/5N59 Tin Shield was used for high and medium altitude targets, and the 2D 76N6 Clam Shell for low altitude low RCS targets.

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36D6 Tin Shield
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The 36D6 Tin Shield is semimobile and towed by a KrAZ-255 or -260 tractor, it can be deployed or stowed in one hour, or two with the mast. The design uses a large paraboloid cylindrical section primary reflector and a linear element array deployed on a pair of booms to provide electronic beam steering in elevation from -20 to +30 degrees, the antenna can perform a full 360 degree sweep in 5 to 10 seconds. With a transmitter peak power rating cited between 1.23 MegaWatts and 350 kiloWatts, the manufacturer claims the ability to detect a 0.1 square metre RCS target at 300 ft AGL out to 24.8 nautical miles, and at medium to high altitudes to 94.5 nautical miles. Clutter rejection is claimed to exceed 48 dB, and the system can track 100 targets. An IFF system is integrated in the radar.

LEMZ 5N66/5N66M/76N6 Clam Shell (низковысотныј обнаружитель)


Its sibling, the 5N66/5N66M/76N6 Clam Shell low level early warning radar, is an unconventional frequency modulated continuous wave design, using a split antenna arrangement with a large beak to prevent spillover from the transmitter. Quoted performance figures include the detection of targets with an RCS as low as 0.02 square metres, at speeds of up to 1,400 kt, with a bearing resolution of 1 degree, velocity resolution of 9.3 kt and range resolution of 2.15 NM. Quoted RMS tracking errors are 0.3 degree in bearing, 4.7 kt in velocity and 1 NM in range. Chaff rejection performance is quoted at better than 100 dB, detection range is stated to be 50 NM for targets at 1,500 ft altitude, and 65 NM for 3,000 ft altitude. The transmitter delivers 1.4 kW of CW power at an unspecified carrier frequency, system MTBF is quoted at 100 hr with an MTTR of 0.5 hr.

76N6 Clam Shell Technical Analysis [Click for more ....]

5N66M / 76N6 / 40V6M​

40V6M Chassis Deployed
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5N66M / 76N6 / 40V6MD - this is the extended height mast variant.
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An important feature of the S-300PT was the introduction of the semi-mobile 40V6, 40V6M and 40V6MD masts, towed by a MAZ-543 derived tractor, in turn based on the 1966 Scud launcher vehicle. The 23.8 metre tall 40V6, 40V6M could be used to elevate the Clam Shell, Tin Shield and Flap Lid radars to extend their radar horizon and improve clearance in uneven terrain. The double height 37.8 metre tall 40V6MD has been used with the Flap Lid, Clam Shell, and its recent 96L6 replacement. The masts take 1 to 2 hours to erect. The unique 40V6 series masts permit static or semimobile S-300P series SAM systems extended low level coverage not available in any competing Western designs, and were clearly introduced to defeat SAC's low level FB-111A, B-52G/H and B-1B force - and the AGM-86B cruise missile. These masts continue to be marketed as an accessory for the latest production variants of S-300P radars.

The Tin Shield / Clam Shell / Flap Lid combo provided the V-PVO with the first all altitude acquisition and engagement package on a semi-mobile SAM system and was a key factor driving the development of the F-117A and B-2A bombers. Had the balloon gone up in 1984, the F-117A would have tasked first and foremost with obliterating the V-PVO's S-300P radar systems.

54K6 Mobile Command Post


The two radars were integrated with a 5N63S mobile command post, carried on an 8x8 MAZ-7910 chassis.

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54K6E Command Post

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Almaz S-300PS/PM / SA-10B Grumble B

Самоходныј Зенитныј Ракетныј Комплекс С-300ПС/ПM


Growing US electronic combat and SEAD capabilities, in the EF-111A Raven and F-4G Weasel forces were clearly considered a serious threat and this spurred the further evolution of the S-300PT system. In 1982 the V-PVO introduced a fully mobile variant of the system, designated the S-300PS (P- PVO, S - Samochodnyy/Self-propelled), labelled by NATO the SA-10B.

5N63S Flap Lid B deployed.
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5N63S Flap Lid B stowed.
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5P85S TEL
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The S-300PS saw the 5N63 Flap Lid engagement radar and 5P85 TEL transplanted on to the high mobility 8x8 MAZ-7910 vehicle derived from the MAZ-543. The rehosted radar became the 5N63S Flap Lid B (Samochodnyy/Self-propelled). This permitted the engagement radar and TELs to set up for firing in 5 minutes, and rapidly scoot away after a missile shot to evade US Air Force Weasels. Two improved variants of the 5V55 missile were introduced. The 50 nautical mile extended range 5V55KD was supplemented with the 5V55R, the latter using a Track Via Missile (TVM) semi-active seeker similar in concept to the MIM-104 Patriot seeker. The TVM system relays to the ground station radar data produced by the missile seeker, and offers better jam resistance and accuracy against a pure command link guidance package, especially as the missile nears the target. Later variants of the Flap Lid are designated as Radiolokator Podsvieta i Navedeniya (RPN - Illumination and Guidance Radar)

 

[RAYTHEON23]

EVE i za S-400

Самоходныј Зенитныј Ракетныј Комплекс С-400 'Триумф'

The Almaz S-400 Triumf or SA-21 'Growler' system is the subsequent evolution of the S-300PMU2, trialled in 1999. The label S-400 is essentially marketing, since the system was previously reported under the speculative label of S-300PMU3. At least one report claims that funding for the development of the Triumf was provided in part by the PLA.
The principal distinctions between the S-400 and its predecessor lie in further refinements to the radar and software, and the addition of four new missile types in addition to the legacy 48N6E/48N6E2 used in the S-300PMU2 Favorit. As a result an S-400 battery could be armed with arbitrary mixes of these weapons to optimise its capability for a specific threat environment. The 30N6E2 further evolved into the more capable 92N2E Grave Stone, carried by a new 8 x 8 MZKT-7930 vehicle. The additional range required a significantly uprated transmitter tube to provide the higher power-aperture performance needed, in additional to an improved exciter and automatic frequency hopping capability. The 96L6 Cheese Board is offered as an 'all altitude' battery acquisition radar, also carried by a 8 x 8 MZKT-7930 vehicle. A new 3D phased array acquisition radar is employed, the 91N6E derived from the 64N6E2, and the 40V6M/MD mast is an available option. The 55K6E command post is employed, carried by an 8 x 8 Ural 532301 truck.

A 2008 diagram published by Almaz-Antey showing the composition of an S-400 battery. Notable points include the integration of external low band NNIIRT Protivnik GE and VNIIRT Gamma DE L-band radars, and a range of passive emitter locating systems. All have the angular accuracy to provide midcourse guidance updates for missile shots.

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55K6E CP carried by an 8 x 8 Ural 532301 (above) truck, and operator consoles (below) in van (Almaz-Antey).

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LEMZ 96L6 Cheese Board acquisition radar carried by an MZKT-7930 vehicle (Almaz-Antey).
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The 92N2E Grave Stone is an evolution of the 30N6 Tomb Stone / Flap Lid series, and is carried by an 8 x 8 MZKT-7930 vehicle (Almaz-Antey/Vestnik PVO).

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The new 91N6E is a derivative of the 64N6E Big Bird series. It is readily identified against the 64N6E by the use of the new build MZKT-7930 tractor. It retains the general configuration of its predecessors (Almaz-Antey).

92N2E Grave Stone and 5P85TE2 TEL (Almaz-Antey).
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The 5P85TE2 TEL towed by a 6 x 6 BAZ-64022 tractor is a distinctive feature of the S-400, making it readily identifiable in comparison with the KrAZ-260 towed 5P85TE variants used with the SA-20 Gargoyle (Almaz-Antey/Vestnik PVO).

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48N6E3 SAM Cutaway. Note the TVC vanes in the exhaust nozzle. The seeker is labelled as 'semi-active radar' (Almaz-Antey)

S-400 48N6E2/E3 SAM specifications.
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TEL options include the 5P85TE2 semitrailer, towed by a 6 x 6 BAZ-64022 and improved 5P85SE2. To date photos of the latter have not emerged, EU sources claim the MZKT-7930 is employed - the latter is likely for commonality reasons as it is used for two of the new radars. Demonstrators used the baseline 5P85SE on a MAZ-7910.

48N6E3 and 40N6 Surface to Air Missiles


The first missile added to the system is the 48N6E3/48N6DM (Dal'naya - long range), an incrementally improved 48N6E2 variant with a range of 130 nautical miles.

The second missile added to the S-400 is the new 40N6, a long range weapon with a cited range of 215 nautical miles, intended to kill AWACS, JSTARS and other high value assets, such as EA-6B/EA-18G support jammers. Further details of this weapon remain to be disclosed. The range improvement to around twice that of the 48N6E2 suggests a two stage weapon, or a much larger motor casing with a larger propellant load.

Extended range missile shots typically involve ballistic flight profiles with apogees in excess of 40 km. The protracted development of the 40N6 suggests that directional control through the upper portions of the flight profile may have presented difficulties. One advantage of such flight profiles is that the missile converts potential energy into kinetic energy during the terminal phase of its flight, accelerating as it dives on its target. This provides higher endgame G capability in comparison with flatter cruise profiles used in legacy designs.

9M96E and 9M96E2 Surface to Air Missiles



The third and fourth missiles are in effect equivalents to the ERINT/PAC-3 interceptor missile recently introduced to supplement the MIM-104 in Patriot batteries. These are the 9M96E and 9M96E2, largely identical with the latter version fitted with a larger booster. Fakel claim the 96M6E has a range of 21.6 nautical miles, and the 9M96E2 64.8 nautical miles, with altitude capabilities from 15 ft AGL up to 66 kft and 100 kft respectively.

9M96E and 9M96E2. Below test shot (Almaz-Antey).
​

​

The 9M96 missiles are hittiles designed for direct impact, and use canards and thrust vectoring to achieve extremely high G and angular rate capability - they are not unlike a scaled up R-73/AA-11 Archer dogfight missile in concept. An inertial package is used with a datalink from the 30N6E radar for midcourse guidance, with a radar homing seeker of an undisclosed type. The small 53 lb (24 kg) blast fragmentation warhead is designed to produce an controlled fragment pattern, using multiple initiators to shape the detonation wave through the explosive. A smart radio fuse is used to control the warhead timing and pattern. It is in effect a steerable shaped charge.
The smaller size of these weapons permits four to be loaded into the volume of a single 48N6E/5V55K/R launch tube container - a form fit four tube launcher container is used. A single 5P85S/T TEL can thus deploy up to 16 of these missiles, or mixes of 3 x 48N6 / 4 x 9M96E/E2, 2 x 48N6 / 8 x 9M96E/E2 or 1 x 48N6 / 12 x 9M96E/E2. The stated aim of this approach was to permit repeated launches against saturation attacks with precision guided munitions - in effect trading 9M96 rounds for incoming guided weapons. Fakel claim a single shot kill probability of 70% against a Harpoon class missile, and 90% against a manned aircraft.

The addition of the 9M96E/E2 missiles, which amount to a combined ABM and point defence weapon designs, is part of a broader Russian strategy of deploying air defence weapons capable of defeating PGM attacks, including the AGM-88 HARM family, and follow-on defence suppression weapons, the latter types intended to disable the S-400 battery acquisition and engagement radars. The advantage in using the 9M96E/E2 for this purpose is that it avoids the additional technical and operational complexity of directing other "counter-PGM" point defence weapons
ai negovite raketi

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2K12/3M9/9M336/9M9 ZRK Kub/Kvadrat/SA-6 Gainful SAM System

3M9ME Gainful SAM launch from TEL

The Kub/Kvadrat system is best known for its initial success during the 1973 Yom Kippur conflict when this system earned the nickname "three fingers of death". The SA-6 Gainful became one of the most widely deployed mobile area defence SAM systems, used by the Soviet PVO-SV, most Warsaw Pact armies, and a wide range of export clients in the Middle East, Africa, with India becoming the biggest user in Asia.

Deployed initially during the late 1960s, the SA-6 has been subjected to a wide range of upgrades, as a result of which many different configurations exist. In Soviet service it was replaced primarily by the 9K37/M/M1 Buk/Buk-M/M1 (SA-11 Gadfly).

A typical SA-6 regiment comprises a regimental headquarters, an acquisition radar package, comprising a mix of Thin Skin-B heightfinder radar, a Score Board-AI IFF interrogator, one VHF-band P-12/P-18 Spoon Rest or UHF-band P-15 Flat Face search radar and five SA-6 batteries. Sometimes the S-band 1S12/P-40 Long Track search radar, on the tracked AT-T chassis, is associated with the SA-6 system.

A typical battery comprises one tracked 1S91 Straight Flush engagement radar vehicle, four tracked SPU TELs, and four ZIL-131 T7M transloader vehicles, each with a large hydraulic crane centrally located on the tailboard and three reserve missiles. Resupply rounds are typically carried by up to 15 ZIL-131V or ZIL-157V semi-trailers, with six missile rounds each, supported by two Ural-375 crane trucks.

The Straight Flush family of radars uses two antenna elements. The first is an S-band search radar, the second a steerable CW illuminator at the top of the vehicle turret. The missiles use command link midcourse guidance and semiactive terminal homing, with later variants using monopulse seekers for jam resistance and accuracy.

2T7M Gainful transloader of the Slovakian Army
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1S91M2 Straight Flush of the Slovakian Army
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Hungarian Army Straight Flush. An optical tracker has been retrofitted on the RHS of the illuminator antenna

Hungarian Army Straight Flush. Note the stacked feeds on the search radar (Image ©

Hungarian Army Straight Flush illuminator and optical tracker

2P25 TEL of the Czech Army during reload operation (Czech Army image).

2P25 TEL and 2T7M transloader of the Czech Army (Czech Army image).

2P25 TEL of the Czech Army on display (Czech Army image).

Straight Flush and 2P25 TEL of the Czech Army (Czech Army image).

Hungarian Army Straight Flush operator stations. Note the retrofitted digital flat panel displays

​

 

[RAYTHEON23]

The P-40/1S12 Long Track S-band acquisition radar is often cited as the mobile acquisition component in Kub/Kvadrat SAM batteries, although its primary purpose was supporting the SA-4 Ganef system. It uses a modified tank chassis to provide high cross country mobility. The antenna stows flat on the roof of the vehicle. Eight stacked beams are used for heightfinding.


S-200 Volga/SA-5 Gammon SAM System

The semimobile 5P72 series launchers used with the SA-5 are often installed in permanent revetments (below).

​

The legacy S-200 family of 160 nautical mile range class long range SAMs has been largely replaced by more recent variants of the S-300PMU family of systems. Nevertheless the system is of some interest as it was exported to a number of Soviet client states, including ByeloRussia, Uzbekistan, Bulgaria, the Ukraine, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, India, North Korea, Libya, Syria, and more recently Iran. Much of this proliferation occurred after the 1998 fire sale of former PVO-S warstock and inventory, as the S-200 was phased out of Russian service.

While built as a semi-mobile system, the S-200 battery components were often sited in fixed concreted revetments. The 6 to 8 GHz band 5N62V Square Pair FMCW illuminator radar and 5P72 series launcher are both deployed by tow tractor. The 5V21 and 5V28 missile rounds are carried by the 5T82 transloader semitrailer. Typically six launchers are supported by a single 5N62V Square Pair, using a P-14 / 5N84A Tall King or P-35 Bar Lock acquisition radar.

S-200 battery deployment illustration from Soviet technical manual. Note each launcher has a pair of transloaders with ready 5V28 rounds (RuMoD).

The 5T82 transloader semitrailer, this example towed by a KrAZ-260. Below, 5T82 towed by KraZ-255. Note the tarpaulin shroud which can be deployed to cover the missile.

A 5T82 disconnected from the tractor.
​

Earlier SA-5 variants were carried by the 5T53 transporter semitrailer (above). A more recent transporter is the 5T53M, used to carry missiles in containers (below).

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Iranian 5T82 transporter/transloader carrying a 5V28 round. The Kraz-260 is replaced by an Iveco 6 x 6 tractor.
​

5N62 Square Pair 'Illumination and Guidance Radar'. This FMCW long range target illuminator uses separate paraboloid sections each for the transmit and receive paths, with the central body used to prevent spillover. The radiating elements from the antenna feeds are mounted on the central body.

​

Much like other SA-5 battery components, the 5N62 Square Pair FWCW illuminator is more than often installed in a fixed concrete revetment, or as this example shows, an elevated fixed concrete platform. The system is transported using a convoy of trailers, one each for the K-1 and K-2 cabins, with three for the disassembled antenna package (via www.s-200.de).

Semi-mobile configuration of the improved K-1M cabin with 5N62 Square Pair FWCW illuminator on display at Kecel in Hungary. Note the Square Pair at maximum elevation angle in the background

The K-2 trailer (foreground) and K-1 trailer (background)(via www.s-200.de).
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5N62 Square Pair antenna stowed for transport (via www.s-200.de).
​

The 5P72 launcher is carried by semitrailer, this example towed by a KrAZ-260 (via www.s-200.de).

The cumbersome 5Yu24 rail loader was used to transfer the missile from the 5T53 transporter to the 5P72 launcher (above and below)(via www.s-200.de).

2K11 / 3M8 / 9M8 / ZRK Krug / SA-4 Ganef SAM System

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late model t

2P24 TEL in stowed configuration for transit.
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The Krug / SA-4 Ganef was the first fully mobile battlefield area defence SAM system deployed by the Soviet PVO-SV. It was intended for division level area defence. The principal acquisition radar was the P-40/1S12 Long Track. Missile guidance and target tracking was performed by the 1S32 Pat Hand radar. Batteries could also be integrated with the 9S44 Krab K-1 combat support system which was intended to fuse data from multiple acquisition radars to facilitate target tracking and battery control, these could be the P-10 Knife Rest, P-12/18 Spoon Rest, P-15/19 Flat Face, P-15M Squat Eye and P-40/1S12 Long Track. IOC was achieved in 1965, with the last variant deploying in 1974.

A typical battery composition is one Pat Hand with three TELS, with three batteries supported by a single Long Track.

The large 2.5 tonne Novator 3M8 missiles were kerosene powered ramjets with isopropylnitrate turbopump driven internal power. The guidance system. The 750 kW peak power X-band Pat Hand engagement radar provided fine tracking of the target, coarse tracking of the 3M8 missiles, and command uplink transmissions. Semiactive terminal homing was used with CW illumination provided by the Pat Hand. Later variants included an adjunct optical tracker.

The 2P24 TEL, 1S12 Long Track and 1S32 Pat Hand were all built on the Metrovagonmash GM-123/124 series tracked chassis, common to a range of other Red Army equipment, and can be deployed for use in five minutes. The single round 2T6 transloader was based on the Ural 375 truck.

A wide range of variants were developed over the long service life of the design. The four basic variants were the 3M8 Krug, Krug A, Krug M and Krug M1. Additional cited variants are the M2 and M3 subtypes. Range is cited by Russian sources at typically ~27 NMI, with altitude up to 80 kft.

When the USSR collapsed the Krug was being replaced by the S-300V / SA-12 system. The system was operated by a number of Warsaw Pact states, but was retired by the Czechs, Germans and Hungarians during the 1990s. It remains in use with a number of former Soviet republics, Poland and Bulgaria.

The P-40/1S12 was the primary acquisition radar for the SA-4, although the system was designed to make use of other radar types including the Spoon Rest, Flat Face and Squat Eye.

 

[RAYTHEON23]

EVE GO I SISTEMOT KOJ GO SOBORI F-117

S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa SAM System


PR-14A Transporter/Transloader

The PR-14A transporter / transloader has been used with SA-3 variants since the 1960s, and has been carried on a range of truck chassis (US DoD).


The legacy S-125 system was widely exported to Soviet client states, both members of the Warsaw Pact and overseas allies. It has proven only moderately successful in combat, its best known success being a kill against an F-117A in 1999, over Serbia. Like other Soviet systems of its generation, the S-125 is semi-mobile, using a towed SNR-125 Low Blow engagement radar, a towed launcher, and a PR-14A transloader truck. Two semi-mobile launcher types are used, the two rail SM-78A/5P71, and the four rail 5P73.

Deployed 5P73 four rail launcher (Wikipedia image).

Reloading a 5P73 launcher from the PR-14A transloader vehicle.
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Captured SNR-125 Low Blow on display in Israel (Wikipedia image).

Deployed SNR-125 Low Blow (Czech Army).
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Ankol MAZ-543 TEL / CTM-2 TEL


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Following the end of the Cold War, a number of upgrade packages have emerged for the SA-3, mostly involving digital upgrades to the radar and guidance package. The Polish Army pursued an extensive upgrade part of which involved converting the system to a fully mobile design, under the Newa-C and -SC effort. Initially, it was intended that the SNR-125 Low Blow and 5P73 be carried on a CTM-2 (T-55) tank chassis, but the vibration and size of the vehicle proved incompatible with the radar. The second iteration was to rebuild surplus 9P117 Scud TELs, to carry both the radar and launcher. The latter proved technically successful but the supply of Scud TELs was not sufficient to support the program, and a compromise using the tank chassis for the TEL was adopted. Polish sources claim the marketing of this upgrade to India was blocked by the Russian government.

Polish designed Ankol S-125M upgrade package (Ankol).

Polish MAZ-543 TEL demonstrator rebuild from a 9P117 Scud TEL.

Polish designed mobile SNR-125 Low Blow using a rebuilt 9P117 Scud TEL.
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Defence Systems Pechora 2M TEL


Russian and ByeloRussian industry via a joint company, Oboronitelnye Sistemy, developed the Pechora 2M upgrade package using a wheeled TEL, and the system was exported to Egypt in 2006. The system is designed to deploy and stow in 25 minutes. The upgraded 5V27D and 5V27DE missiles feature new fuses and warheads, and the electronics have been comprehensively upgraded with digital hardware, an electro-optical tracker has been added. An interesting feature of this design is that the 5P71 launcher has been transplanted on to a 6 x 6 MZKT-8022 truck, as has the SNR-125 Low Blow engagement radar.

The Pechora 2M TEL is based on a 6 x 6 MZKT-8022 chassis and uses the two round 5P71 launcher (Defence Systems).

MZKT-8022 Characteristics:

Колёснаја формула:
4х4

Управлјаемые колеса переднеј оси:

Количество мест в кабине:

2

Масса снарјаженного шасси, кг:

10 000

Полнаја масса шасси, кг:

16 000

Масса перевозимого груза, кг:

6 000

Допустимые осевые массы, кг:

переднјаја ось:

8 000

заднјаја ось:

8 000

Максимальнаја скорость шасси полној массој, кг:

60

Минимальн. радиус поворота по оси след передн. наружн. колеса, м:

12

Двигатель дизельныј:

јаМЗ-236БЕ2-Т-6

Моштность двигателја, кВт (л.с.):

184 (250)

Гидромехан. передача с отбором моштн. длја привода оборуд.:

Allison MD3560P

Запас хода по контр. расходу топлива, км:

800

Шины:

Michelin 525/65R20,5XS TL

Mobile SNR-125 Low Blow on MZKT-8022 chassis.




HQ-2A/B CSA-1 Guideline SAM System

Transloaders and TEL

HQ-2B TEL in deployed configuration.

The PLA reverse engineered the Soviet V-75/S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Guideline SAM system during the 1960s, including the SNR-75 Fan Song radar, the SM-90 launcher and the PR-11AM transporter/transloader. Since then the PLA developed a significantly improved HQ-2B variant, which uses a tracked TEL replacing the cloned SM-90. The PLA remains the single largest user of the S-75 globally, even though the weapon is being progressively replaced. The tracked TEL chassis appears to be a unique design, but evidently using components from the Type 63 light amphibious tank, itself a derivative of the Soviet PT-76.

A deployed HQ-2A battery, with the reverse engineered SM-90 launchers and PR-11AM transporter/transloader.

Loading the SM-90 from a PR-11AM transloader.

PR-11A transloader and V-759/5Ya23 round of the Slovakian Army

Reverse engineered PR-11AM transporter/transloader, with a ractor.

 

[RAYTHEON23]

како наредни ке претставам некои рачни
The SA-7 Grail, SA-14 Gremlin and SA-16
The Russians were understandably alarmed by the discussion surrounding Redeye and sought to build an equivalent - this missile is the ubiquitous 9M32 Strela 2. Work on the 9M32 commenced in 1959 with development completed in 1965 and deployment a year later. The missile was conceptually similar to Redeye as a RAM using an uncooled PbS seeker sensitive to 2 micron band IR emissions. The missile uses a launch engine and sustainer and carries a 1.8 kg high explosive/fragmentation warhead with an impact/grazing fuse. The 9M32 suffered major performance limitations resulting from poor propellant performance and a crude IR seeker with a habit of locking on to clouds, the sun and hot pieces of countryside. It was supplanted in production from 1972 by the upgraded 9M32M Strela 2M with a 50% improvement in range to 3 n.mi. resulting from better propellant, an improved warhead and an IR filter to prevent extraneous IR radiation from upsetting the seeker. Both versions of the Grail employ an expendable fibreglass launcher and a reusable gripstock, a battery/coolant unit is mounted below the front of the tube. The limitations of the SA-7 led to its replacement in front line service by its derivative designated the SA-14 Gremlin which entered service in the early eighties. Concurrently the Russians fielded an entirely new missile the SA-16. The SA-16 is a larger 1.55m weapon with a conical (or perhaps ogival) low drag nose cone and presumably better aerodynamic performance. Both missiles are credited with true all aspect performance.
The Man Portable SAM in Combat
The man portable SAM was first fired in anger in 1971 over the Suez Canal, when an SA-7 embedded itself in the tail of an Israeli jet and failed to explode. By mid 1972 the SA-7 was being fired in South Vietnam in large numbers accounting for 45 aircraft in 500 launches by the US withdrawal. The initial kill rate of 33% soon dropped to several percent with evasive manoeuvring and the use of flares. Most kills were against helicopters and slow moving prop transports and fire support gunships. The SA-7 performed poorly in the 1973 Yom Kippur war as most of its targets were fast and agile tactical jets. The conflict where the SA-7 was seen to perform best was the final phase of the SE Asian conflict in 1975 where the SA-7s took a devastating toll of the South Vietnamese AC-47, AC-119 gunships and A-37 strike aircraft. The SA-7 attracted little further attention until the the escalation of the Rhodesian civil war where missiles fired by black nationalists downed several unfortunate civilian transports.
The Afghan conflict saw the SA-7 in use again when CIA and Arab nation supplied missiles used by Mujahedeen successfully destroyed several helicopters and transports. The Russians responded by dropping flares and fitting IR suppressors to helo exhausts countering the SA-7s simple seeker. The Afghans were subsequently supplied with Stingers and Blowpipes, the former achieving a good kill rate throughout the conflict. While many sources question the overall impact of the Stinger in this war, pointing to the furious Russian retaliatory strikes on areas known to harbour SAM fire teams, the reduction in CAS sortie rates, bombing accuracy and additional cost in operations cannot be ignored. The successful destruction of CAS aircraft and Hind gunships was shown to have a major psychological impact upon Soviet and Afghan communist aircrew, while the destruction of transports clearly disrupted internal logistical operations. The success of the man portable SAM in Hind killing in Angola was a major factor in the success of insurgent operations. It will be interesting to see the real statistics when they become available.
Defensive Measures
Defeating the man portable SAM will in most instances require a combination of manoeuvre and countermeasures. The diversity of guidance techniques and missile aerodynamic performance to be countered will rule out any simple strategy. Third world governments and associated terrorist groups where applicable may well be using US, UK, French, Chinese and Russian weapons of various vintages and revision types purchased legally or illegally. The first aspect of defence is knowing that a missile has been launched at you. Lookout is therefore essential although a beam or tail aspect shot may not be sighted. It is therefore desirable that fixed wing aircraft and helicopters carry IR detection equipment (eg Cincinnati AAR-44) which can detect and track the missiles exhaust plume, very hot with high energy propellants, providing audible and azimuth warning to the pilot. This may be the only warning available of an optical/IR missile launch. Beam riders and CLOS/SACLOS weapon guidance equipment will transmit radio or optical(ie laser) guidance signals which may be detected by a suitable Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) or Laser Warning Receiver (LWR). It is not clear from published literature whether established types such as the Dalmo Victor APR-39 RWR integrated with the Perkin Elmer AVR-2 LWR have such a capability. The dominance of optical homing missiles will eventually dictate the use of an IR warning receiver. Once the missile is detected and its plume sighted the best combination of measures is the dropping of flares to seduce a heatseeker or at least degrade its seeker performance while entering a hard break turn to attain beam aspect relative to the inbound missile (see TE July 1987 for a detailed discussion of evasive tactics). This manoeuvre will force the missile to sustain a high turn rate which may in itself defeat the weapon, it may stall its controls or fall out of control. At least this manoeuvre will slow the weapon down due to the drag induced by the body lift used to turn the missile. This is desirable as the propellant will burn out very quickly and the less energy (speed/altitude) the missile has the less likely it is to get you. As is apparent this tactic applies primarily to tactical jets with the thrust/weight and speed to make a difference to a supersonic projectile. It is thus mandatory that a CAS aircraft even when employed in counterinsurgency operations has the aerodynamic performance to sustain high G high speed manoeuvring at low altitude (the reported RAAF interest in using the PC-9 or Macchi for CAS could be questioned in this context). Helicopters and transports do not have this option and are certain kills if not equipped with IR exhaust radiation suppressors and suitable IR jammers. Exhaust suppressors mix cold air into the exhaust plume to cool it down while also preventing direct IR radiation from the turbine hot end. While flares are often carried by transports and helos second generation heat seeking SAMs are certain to reject them and jammers are a must. An IR jammer such as the Northrop AAQ-4, AAQ-8, MIRTS or Loral Matador will typically pulse an IR source at such a rate that it will interfere with the seeker/reticle scan of a heatseeking missile. The effectiveness will depend upon the knowledge of the missile to be countered, like all jammers it must be threat specific to be really effective. An aircraft or helo venturing over unsanitised territory would therefore preferably carry a suite including an IR launch warning receiver, suitable IR jammers and a flare dispenser. Penetration should be at very low level to provide terrain masking or where the situation permits well above 10,000 ft so as to stretch the threat performance envelope to the limit. Jammers and expendables should be tied into the warning receivers to provide automatic dispensing and emission upon detection of a launch. Given the possibility of manportable SAMs being deployed in the immediate vicinity of friendly landing zones or air strips it is almost mandatory that a 3 n.mi. area beyond either threshold be cleared or at least protected from intruders. On climbout at full power and low airspeed a transport is a textbook target for a heatseeker.
The second generation of man portable SAMs has yet to see large scale combat use but its immunity to trivial countermeasures and improving engagement envelope render it a major threat to helicopters, tactical transports, slower close air support/counter-insurgency aircraft and poorly flown tactical jets. The counter to such weapons lies in a combination of tactical flying, warning equipment and countermeasures none of which alone are likely to be adequate. Given the off-the-shelf availability of these weapons and thus almost non-existent warning time to deployment, those air forces and air arms which fail to suitably equip and train do so at their peril.

EVE I SA 16
The SA-16 Gimlet is a further development from the SA-14 and SA-7 series of man-portable SAMs. The SA-16 is an improved version of the SA-18 Grouse,through the addition of a new seeker and modified launcher nose cover. The SA-16 has an aerodynamic cone which is held in place with a wire tripod. The protective cover of the SA-16 it is tubular with a prominent lip at the forward edge. The 9M313 missile of the SA-16 employs an IR guidance system using proportional convergence logic, and an improved two-color seeker, presumably IR and UV. The seeker is sensitive enough to home in on airframe radiation, and the two-color sensitivity is designed to minimize vulnerability to flares.

 

[RAYTHEON23]

Infra-Red Homing Guidance - General Dynamics FIM-92A/B/C Stinger
The Stinger family of missiles evolved from the FIM-43A Redeye, itself conceptualised by General Dynamics and US Army MICOM in the 1950s, developed in the early sixties and deployed in 1966. The Redeye was designed to shoot down hostile Close Air Support (CAS) aircraft operating against US Army land forces and was the first such weapon ever fielded. The design of such a missile was no mean feat as the state of the art in heatseeking missiles, the AIM-9 Bravo Sidewinder was a cumbersome 70 kg/2.8m weapon with an uncooled lead sulphide (PbS) detector and two channel rotating reticle seeker (see TE March 1982, Heat Seeking Missile Guidance) capable only of tail chase engagements. A new approach was required and GD pioneered several new design features to create the Redeye. Redeye was the first Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM). Unlike conventional roll stabilised missiles which are steered in two axes, pitch and yaw, by two (pitch, yaw) control channels a RAM uses a single control channel which is 'phased' to introduce pitch and yaw commands subject to the missile's instantaneous orientation (roll angle) in roll. In this fashion a single pair of control surfaces can do the work of two pairs saving weight and volume with some penalty in manoeuvre performance. GD applied further new technology to Redeye designing all of the guidance and control electronics with solid state transistor and integrated circuit technology, a first in tactical missiles. Another major weight saving measure was the use of electrical control actuators displacing bulkier conventional hydraulics. Internal wiring harnesses in the missile were replaced with lighter flexible flat printed wiring harnesses . Finally the seeker itself employed conical scanning never previously used in a heatseeking missile. The Redeye warhead was also an unconventional titanium design, built to burn through the skin of the target. The Redeye's short wavelength seeker however limited it to tail aspect shots and it was found to be susceptible to flares, which seduce a heatseeker by presenting a greater infra-red signature than a real target. This was recognised by the US Army who together with the US Marine Corps sought an all aspect Redeye II, subsequently redesignated Stinger. Development of the Stinger proceeded from 1972 to 1977 concurrently with a post-1974 Aeronutronic Ford Alternate Stinger semi active laser homing weapon which was later abandoned. The Stinger design was a much improved Redeye, 1.52m rather than 1.2m long weighing 15 kg a 16% increase in weight. The missile fuselage is divided into functional blocks. The tail of the Propulsion Section mounts a launch rocket engine with canted nozzles to impart spin (roll) during launch, it burns out and separates within the disposable wound Kevlar launch tube. The missile fuselage boat tail mounts the tail assembly with its folding canted cruciform tail surfaces, these lock after launch and sustain the fuselage roll during flight. The dual burn Atlantic Research engine high energy propellant is claimed by GD to be the state of the art in production propellants, it will accelerate the missile to cca twice the supersonic speed of Redeye. Forward of the Propulsion Section is the Warhead Section also containing the Motorola proximity fuse. The missile is designed to hit the target and inflict as much damage as possible kinetically, the 3kg Picatinny Arsenal fragmentation warhead will enhance this damage. The nose of the missile contains the Guidance Section the aft part of which contains the missile battery, controls and umbilical interfaces. One pair of unfolding cruciform canard surfaces is fixed and the other controlled by the seeker. The battery powers both electronics and controls. The Alpha model seeker uses gyro stabilised optics to focus infrared energy received through the nose window on to a gas cooled detector. The missile will fly a proportional navigation trajectory homing in on the target's exhaust plume until its terminal phase, where a Target Adaptive Guidance (TAG) algorithm steers the missile into the target's aft fuselage to damage structure and powerplant hot end. GD claim the ability to acquire, track and hit targets from all aspects. The cooled single colour seeker was a vast improvement over Redeye but didn't provide the flare rejection sought by users. In 1986 it was supplanted by the FIM-92 Bravo Stinger-POST (passive Optical Seeker technique) seeker which introduced a new rosette-scanning dual band infrared(IR) and ultraviolet(UV) detector/optics assembly. The POST seeker exploits the low UV reflectance of aircraft compared to a sky background and initially acquires and guides the missile on to the UV 'hole' in the sky represented by the target. The concurrent use of UV and IR allows unambiguous rejection of flares which are bright in both the UV and IR bands. The expectation that the threat will use IR jammers led to the 1989 phase-in of the FIM-92 Charlie Stinger-RMP (Reprogrammable MicroProcessor) version which is field reprogrammable with new guidance software if required. A memory module in the gripstock can be swapped, it would contain executable software which is downloaded to the memory of the microprocessor chip in the missile via the umbilical interface. The missile is supplied as a complete round with the launch tube sealed and pressurised with Nitrogen to keep out moisture, the seeker sees out through a fragile IR and UV transparent membrane. The gripstock contains the launcher control electronics and mounts a pistol grip with trigger and a Battery/Coolant Unit (BCU). The BCU supplies electrical power to the gripstock electronics and missile prior to launch and Argon gas coolant to cool down the detector. If a launch doesn't occur a fresh BCU is fitted. A lightweight IFF interrogator is also fitted with electronics and a battery in a belt pack. A typical engagement will involve the visual acquisition of a target by the observer in the two man fire team, using field glasses. The gunner will then clip a fresh missile to the gripstock while the observer tracks the target. A safety switch on the gripstock is then used to apply coolant and power to the missile spinning up the seeker gyro and cooling down the detector. The seeker is initially caged to the missile centreline, the gunner must track the target in his graticuled optical sight for seeker acquisition. Once the seeker has acquired the target an acquisition tone is produced and the seeker may be uncaged to track the target, this is done with a gripstock switch. To provide proper lead against a crossing target and elevation to compensate gravity drop during missile launch the gunner must track the target with one of three markers in the optical graticule, one for each aspect. Depressing the trigger then fires the missile battery which retracts the umbilical connector, this in turn fires the launch engine after which the missile exits the tube. The use of optical homing with proportional nav means that the missile will collide with an approaching target or pursue a crossing or receding target. As Stinger is a true fire and forget missile the fire team may quickly run for cover since the missile exhaust plume has betrayed their location.

FIM-92 Stinger

 

[fmi]

Државите производителки на С-300 во тмно црвено,во светло црвено са тези които имат С-300 като отбранителен систем.

Еве наблизо каде има C-200
http://rammstein.dfmk.hu/~s200/

 

[RAYTHEON23]

Israeli Arrow ABM System is Operational as War Clouds Darken

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Military analysts generally agree that when the US attacks Iraq, Saddam Husein's first response will be to order a missile attack against Israel. Unlike 1991 when 39 Iraqi Al Husein Scuds landed in Israel, mostly in the Tel-Aviv area, this time it is expected that the missiles will carry warheads armed with lethal chemical and biological agents, with a mass destruction potential.[/SIZE]
[SIZE=+1]Israel's main deterrence against the dangers from a "dirty" missile attack is its $2.0 billion Arrow Anti Ballistic Missile. Its development began in the early 1990s and in 1998 it had its first successful deployment. The Arrow is the world's only first ABM system, which is specifically developed to destroy incoming missiles. The Arrow Missile is a defense system against medium-range ballistic missiles. It can intercept missiles within a wide spectrum of ranges and altitudes, and can provide protection over large areas. Specifically it is designed to intercept medium- and short-range missiles, not intercontinental missiles, in keeping with Israel's perception of its exposure to Iraqi and possibly Iranian missiles. The latter on the verge of fielding the Shahab-3, which will have the range to strike Israel.[/SIZE]
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Simultaneously the system handles dozens of threats through multi-target racking and interception capabilities. In 1998 Israel successfully conducted the first comprehensive test launch of the Arrow system designed to shoot down incoming missiles at speeds up to two miles per second traveling 10 or 25 miles above the earth's surface. A test launch in 1998, lasted for 97 seconds, and was deemed as most successful. US officials observing the test were most pleased and said everything went smoothly. The Arrow's main contractor is one of Israel Aircraft Industries factories. The "green pine" firing system is produced by Elta, and the "golden citron" control module is made by Tadiran.[/SIZE]
[SIZE=+1]Fully developed in Israel, with American assistance, the Arrow is expected to provide the country with a security net that will extend over most of its major cities, including its most populous centers, between Haifa and Ashdod and including Tel-Aviv. The Arrow Missile Project has acquired several dimensions, among them are its deterrence aspect while its political implications are high on the list. Over the past decade, localized skirmishes including the bombing of Libya and the "Scudding" of Israel by Iraq during Desert Sand, as well as Iran's acknowledged missile capability, have created a pressing need for a security net. [/SIZE]
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Reporters were recently invited to visit the highly guarded Palmahim Air Force Base, nestled on Israel's Mediterranean shoreline. Knowledgeable Israelis are aware that the Palmahim Air Force Base first earned a reputation as the proving grounds for the development of Israeli RPVs. The remotely piloted vehicles are small pilotless planes that can fly over designated targets and transmit a real time pictures of the area they scan. They detected the exact position of SAM-9 Syrian missile bases in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley more than a decade ago. These bases were rendered inoperative by the Israel Air Force, removing a major threat to the security of this country.[/SIZE]
[SIZE=+1]At Palmahim the IAF has deployed its operational missile defense, ready to use to protect Tel Aviv and other major population centers if they come under fire from Iraq's arsenal of Scud missiles. One Arrow battery has been operational at the Palmachim base for two years. The deployment of the second battery in central Israel was delayed when the citizens who lived nearby complained that the radar might endanger their health. The Israelis are trying to make the second battery operational before any U.S. attack on Iraq. As a stopgap, the Arrow missile launchers from the second battery can be linked to the Palmachim battery to upgrade its capability, an Israeli military official said.[/SIZE]
[SIZE=+1]The Arrow, system is designed to avoid the shortcomings of the American Patriot system, which Israelis know was unsuccessful in stopping Scud missile attacks by Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War. At Palmahim crews were engaged in intensive training in operating the Arrow ABMs in chemically contaminated areas. Wearing the ABC, Israeli slang for Atomic, Biological and Chemical gas masks and protective suits, they repeated the operation over and over again, including tracking, aiming and firing. Past experience indicates that the time it takes for a Scud, launched from southern Iraq to reach Israel, is about 8-9 minutes. In practice Israel depends on notification from American satellites that a Scud has been launched. The Arrow's tracking system identifies and locks onto the missile and at the optimal point the ABM missile is released. Unlike the Patriot system used in the Gulf War, whose fire control system is essentially automated, the Israeli system leaves it to officers to decide when to fire the Arrow interceptor. At a firing site, massive launchers, each loaded with six Arrow interceptors, stand at the ready while Israeli radar scans the skies.[/SIZE]
[SIZE=+1]"We did a lot of testing and most were successful," said Danny Peretz, the program manager for the Arrow at Israel Aircraft Industries, the prime contractor of the system. "But we know in our hearts, and put it into the design, that this weapon will be tested fully only in war."[/SIZE]


Radar:


Radar Frequency
L band

Detection Range
500km

Target Speed
Over 3km/s

Missile Guidance to Distance from Target
4m from target

Missile:


Missile Length
7m

Missile Diameter
800mm

Missile Launch Weight
1,300kg

Launch Canisters per Launcher
6

Missile Performance:


Missile Velocity
Mach 9

Maximum Range
70km

Maximum Range of Flight
90km

Minimum Altitude
8,000m

Maximum Altitude
50,000m



raketata e brza..neka ne buni naveduvaweto (4meters from target)



ova e arrow
Radar:


Radar Frequency
L band

Detection Range
500km

Target Speed
Over 3km/s

Missile Guidance to Distance from Target
4m from target

Missile:


Missile Length
7m

Missile Diameter
800mm

Missile Launch Weight
1,300kg

Launch Canisters per Launcher
6

Missile Performance:


Missile Velocity
Mach 9

Maximum Range
70km

Maximum Range of Flight
90km

Minimum Altitude
8,000m

Maximum Altitude
50,000m

sega i mai podobrena verzija










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[/SIZE]

 

[RAYTHEON23]

SAM-A-18/M3/MIM-23 Hawk

The Hawk was the first mobile medium-range guided anti-aircraft missile deployed by the U.S. Army, and was the oldest SAM system still in use by U.S. armed forces in the late 1990s.
Development studies for a semi-active radar homing medium-range surface-to-air missile system were begun by the U.S. Army in 1952 under the designation SAM-A-18 Hawk (Homing All the Way Killer). In July 1954, development contracts were awarded to Raytheon for the missile, and to Northrop for launcher, radars, and fire-control system. The first launch of an XSAM-A-18 test missile occurred in June 1956, and the initial development phase was completed in July 1957. By that time, the Hawk had been redesignated as Guided Missile, Aerial Intercept, XM3 (and XM3E1). Initial Operational Capability of the M3 Hawk was achieved with the U.S. Army in August 1959, and in 1960 the M3 was also fielded by U.S. Marine Corps units. The Hawk system was used by many NATO and other countries, and the missile was license-built in Western Europe and Japan. There were two training versions of the original Hawk missile, designated XM16 and XM18.
The M3 Hawk surface-to-air missile is powered by an Aerojet General M22E8 dual-thrust (boost/sustain) solid-propellant rocket motor, and is controlled in flight by its large triangular fins with trailing-edge control surfaces. It is armed with a 54 kg (119 lb) high-explosive blast-fragmentation warhead, which is equipped with both impact and radar proximity fuzes. The missile is guided by an X-band CW (Continuous Wave) monopulse semi-active radar seeker, and has an effective engagement range of 2-25 km (1.25-15 miles). A Hawk unit uses several different ground radars and control systems. The radar systems include the AN/MPQ-35 C-band PAR (Pulse Acquisition Radar) for high/medium-altitude threat detection, the AN/MPQ-34 CWAR (Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar) for low-level threat detection, the AN/MPQ-33 (or -39) HPI (High-Power Illuminator) which tracks designated targets and provides target illumination for the missile's seeker, and the AN/MPQ-37 ROR (Range Only Radar) which is a K-band pulse radar to provide ranging data when the other radars are jammed by countermeasures (the ROR reduces jamming vulnerability by transmitting only when designated).

[SIZE=-1]Photo: U.S. Army[/SIZE] MIM-23A

The Hawk missiles are transported on and launched from M192 triple-missile towed launchers. In 1967, the U.S. Army tested a self-propelled Hawk ("SP-HAWK") system, which mounted the launchers on tracked M727 (modified M548 transports) vehicles. The first Hawk units were equipped with SP-HAWK in 1969, but the system is no longer in service.

[SIZE=-1]Photo: U.S. Army[/SIZE] MIM-23A (on M727)

In June 1963, all Hawk missiles were redesignated in the MIM-23 series as follows:
Old Designation New Designation XM3 XMIM-23A M3 MIM-23A XM16 XMTM-23B XM18 XMTM-23C The XMTM-23B/C designations were short-lived, however, and the B/C suffix letters were later reused for improved Hawk missiles.
To counter advanced low-altitude threats, the Army began a Hawk Improvement Program (HAWK/HIP) in 1964. This involved numerous upgrades to the Hawk system, including the addition of a digital data processing central information coordinator for target processing, threat ordering, and intercept evaluation. The AN/MPQ-35 PAR, AN/MPQ-34 CWAR, AN/MPQ-33/39 HPI, and AN/MPQ-37 ROR were replaced by upgraded variants designated AN/MPQ-50, AN/MPQ-48, AN/MPQ-46, and AN/MPQ-51, respectively. The Hawk missile itself was upgraded to MIM-23B I-HAWK (Improved Hawk) configuration. The MIM-23B had a larger 74 kg (163 lb) blast-fragmentation warhead, a smaller and improved guidance package, and a new M112 rocket motor. The I-HAWK system was declared operational in 1971, and by 1978 all U.S. Hawk units had converted to the new standard. The effective range envelope of the MIM-23B is extended to 1.5-40 km (5000 ft - 25 miles) at high altitude (2.5-20 km (8200 ft - 12.4 miles) at low altitude), and minimum engagement altitude is 60 m (200 ft). There is also a training version of the I-HAWK designated MTM-23B. The XMEM-23B is a variant with a full telemetry equipment for test and evaluation purposes.

[SIZE=-1]Photo: U.S. Army[/SIZE] MIM-23 (exact model unknown)

Beginning in 1977, the U.S. Army started an extensive multi-phase Hawk PIP (Product Improvement Plan), mainly intended to improve and upgrade the ground equipment. PIP Phase I involved replacement of the CWAR with the AN/MPQ-55 Improved CWAR (ICWAR), and the upgrade of the AN/MPQ-50 PAR to Improved PAR (IPAR) configuration by the addition of a digital MTI (Moving Target Indicator). The first PIP Phase I systems were fielded in 1979. PIP Phase II, developed from 1978 and fielded between 1983 and 1986, upgraded the AN/MPQ-46 HPI to AN/MPQ-57 standard by replacing some tube electronics with modern solid-state circuits, and added a TAS (Tracking Adjunct System). The TAS, designated OD-179/TVY, is an electro-optical (TV) tracking system to increase Hawk operability and survivability in a high-ECM environment. The PIP Phase III development was started in 1983, and was first fielded by U.S. forces in 1989. Phase III is a major upgrade which significantly enhanced computer hard- and software for most components (new CWAR is designated AN/MPQ-62), added single-scan target detection capability, and upgraded the HPI to AN/MPQ-61 standard by addition of a Low-Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement (LASHE) system. LASHE allows the Hawk system to counter saturation attacks by simultaneously intercepting multiple low-level targets. The ROR is no longer used by Phase III Hawk units.
The following table summarizes the designations of the main radars of the Hawk air-defense system:
System ConfigurationPARCWARHPIROR Basic HawkAN/MPQ-35AN/MPQ-34AN/MPQ-33/39AN/MPQ-37 Improved HawkAN/MPQ-50AN/MPQ-48AN/MPQ-46AN/MPQ-51 PIP Phase IAN/MPQ-55 PIP Phase IIAN/MPQ-57 PIP Phase IIIAN/MPQ-62AN/MPQ-61(n/a) The MIM-23B Hawk missile was improved in parallel with the PIP upgrades. The MIM-23C, introduced around 1982, has improved ECCM capabilities. The MIM-23D is similar to the MIM-23C, but I don't have any further details. The official source [5] describes it plainly as an "upgraded MIM-23C", but this is simply a standard phrase used for subsequent versions and could mean anything, including a non-tactical model used for live training. The telemetry-equipped test and evaluation model of the MIM-23C/D is designated MEM-23C.
The MIM-23E and MIM-23F, introduced in 1990, are developments of the MIM-23C and MIM-23D, respectively, with an improved guidance section for low-level engagements in high-clutter/multi-jamming environments. The MEM-23D is the telemetry-equipped test and evaluation model of the MIM-23E/F.
The MIM-23G and MIM-23H are variants of the MIM-23E and MIM-23F, respectively, with a new body section assembly. The corresponding test and evaluation missile is the MEM-23E.

[SIZE=-1]Photo: U.S. Army[/SIZE] MIM-23 (exact model unknown)

In 1991, the USMC successfully demonstrated the use of a modified Lockheed Martin AN/TPS-59 tactical long-range radar system to search and track Theater Ballistic Missiles (TBM) in conjunction with a Hawk fire-control unit. The AN/TPS-59(V)3 radar can track targets at up to 475 km (295 miles) range and 150 km (90 miles) altitude. Although no actual firing took place, these tests prompted the USMC to upgrade its Hawk units with an anti-TBM capability. The MIM-23G/H Hawk missiles were upgraded to Enhanced Lethality Missile configuration, designated MIM-23K and MIM-23J, respectively (note "reversed" suffix letters). The MIM-23J/K has a new high-grain fragmentation warhead and new fuzing circuitry to make it effective against ballistic missiles, and in 1994, several intercepts short-range ballistic missiles were successful. The MIM-23L and MIM-23M missiles have the new fuzing circuits of the MIM-23K and MIM-23J, respectively, but don't have the latter's new warhead. The telemetry-equipped test and evaluation model of the MIM-23J/K/L/M missiles is designated MEM-23F.
The following table summarizes the designations of the developments of the MIM-23B I-HAWK missile, and the corresponding test and evaluation versions. Because the MEM versions use sequential suffix letters, and each MEM variant corresponds to several MIM missiles, the letters for MIM and MEM versions are "out-of-sync".
Type of MissileTactical ModelT&E Model Basic I-HAWKMIM-23BXMEM-23B Improved ECCMMIM-23CMIM-23DMEM-23C Low-level/multi-jamming capabilityMIM-23EMIM-23FMEM-23D New body sectionMIM-23GMIM-23HMEM-23E New warhead + fuzing (anti-TBM)MIM-23KMIM-23JMEM-23F New fuzing only, old warheadMIM-23LMIM-23M The U.S. Army also used the MIM-23K missile for a brief period, but not in the anti-TBM role. The last active Army Hawk unit was deactivated in 1994, and the last Army National Guard units disposed of the Hawk system in the 1996/97 time frame. .
The MIM-23K missile and AN/TPS-59(V)3 radar was operational with USMC units from 1995 onwards. Beginning in 1998/99 the USMC started to phase out the Hawk to replace it with the stinger (leaving some gap in the medium-range air-defense capabilities of the USMC). There are conflicting reports as to whether the phaseout is complete at the time of this writing (late 2002).
Including foreign production, more than 40000 MIM-23 Hawk missiles of all versions were built.
Specifications

Note: Data given by several sources show slight variations. Figures given below may therefore be inaccurate!
Data for MIM-23A/B:
MIM-23AMIM-23B Length5.08 m (16 ft 8 in)5.03 m (16 ft 6 in) Finspan1.19 m (3 ft 11 in) Diameter37 cm (14.5 in) Weight584 kg (1290 lb)635 kg (1400 lb) SpeedMach 2.5 Ceiling13700 m (45000 ft)17700 m (58000 ft) Range25 km (15 miles)40 km (25 miles) PropulsionAerojet M22E8 dual-thrust solid-fueled rocketAerojet M112 dual-thrust solid-fueled rocket Warhead54 kg (119 lb) blast-fragmentation74 kg (163 lb) blast-fragmentation