Генетска анализа за потеклото на Грците
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1) Macedonians belong to the "older" Mediterranean substratum, like Iberians (including Basques), North Africans, Italians, French, Cretans, Jews, Lebanese, Turks (Anatolians), Armenians and Iranians,
2) Macedonians are not related with geographically close Greeks, who do not belong to the "older" Mediterranenan substratum,
3) Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedness to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian) people, which separate them from other Mediterranean groups. Both Greeks and Ethiopians share quasi-specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0305, *0307, *0411, *0413, *0416, *0417, *0420, *1110, *1112, *1304 and *1310. Genetic distances are closer between Greeks and Ethiopian/sub-Saharan groups than to any other Mediterranean group and finally Greeks cluster with Ethiopians/sub-Saharans in both neighbour joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. The time period when these relationships might have occurred was ancient but uncertain and might be related to the displacement of Egyptian-Ethiopian people living in pharaonic Egypt.
Овие три точки кажуваат се, а посебно првиот дел дека денешните македонци се слични на старите медитерански народи!!!
Тоа значи само едно, НЕМА ПРЕСЕЛБА ОД ЗАД КАРПАТИТЕ, барем за нас Македонците, затоа што нашите гени се слични со старите медитерански народи и најверојатно се истите гени од ФИЛИП II и АЛЕКСАНДАР III.
2) Macedonians are not related with geographically close Greeks, who do not belong to the "older" Mediterranenan substratum,
3) Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedness to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian) people, which separate them from other Mediterranean groups. Both Greeks and Ethiopians share quasi-specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0305, *0307, *0411, *0413, *0416, *0417, *0420, *1110, *1112, *1304 and *1310. Genetic distances are closer between Greeks and Ethiopian/sub-Saharan groups than to any other Mediterranean group and finally Greeks cluster with Ethiopians/sub-Saharans in both neighbour joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. The time period when these relationships might have occurred was ancient but uncertain and might be related to the displacement of Egyptian-Ethiopian people living in pharaonic Egypt.
Овие три точки кажуваат се, а посебно првиот дел дека денешните македонци се слични на старите медитерански народи!!!
Тоа значи само едно, НЕМА ПРЕСЕЛБА ОД ЗАД КАРПАТИТЕ, барем за нас Македонците, затоа што нашите гени се слични со старите медитерански народи и најверојатно се истите гени од ФИЛИП II и АЛЕКСАНДАР III.
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3а сите кои не ја признаваат HLA Genes in Macedonians од Шпанците, read this:
Vermont Bill to Use HLA Genes to Determine Native American Ancestry
(Palo Alto, CA, June 6 and 13, 2000)
The Stanford Program in Genomics, Ethics and Society (PGES), of the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, will hold a series of two seminars to discuss potential implications of a bill recently introduced in the Vermont State Assembly to use HLA genes to determine Native American ancestry.
The first seminar, to take place on June 6, 2000, will feature a discussion led by Joanna Mountain, Assistant Professor, Stanford Dept. of Anthropological Sciences.
The second seminar, to take place on June 13, 2000, will be led by Sandra Lee, Stanford Dept. of Anthropology.
The Works in Progress Seminar is a continuing feature of PGES, and is open to all those interested in the social, policy, and ethical implications of emerging genetic technologies. The sessions are planned to be open discussions of new work by the presenters.
For further information about this seminar series, please contact Mildred Cho at: micho@leland.stanford.edu or phone 650-725-7993.
Vermont Bill to Use HLA Genes to Determine Native American Ancestry
(Palo Alto, CA, June 6 and 13, 2000)
The Stanford Program in Genomics, Ethics and Society (PGES), of the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, will hold a series of two seminars to discuss potential implications of a bill recently introduced in the Vermont State Assembly to use HLA genes to determine Native American ancestry.
The first seminar, to take place on June 6, 2000, will feature a discussion led by Joanna Mountain, Assistant Professor, Stanford Dept. of Anthropological Sciences.
The second seminar, to take place on June 13, 2000, will be led by Sandra Lee, Stanford Dept. of Anthropology.
The Works in Progress Seminar is a continuing feature of PGES, and is open to all those interested in the social, policy, and ethical implications of emerging genetic technologies. The sessions are planned to be open discussions of new work by the presenters.
For further information about this seminar series, please contact Mildred Cho at: micho@leland.stanford.edu or phone 650-725-7993.
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ON THE USE OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS IN CONTEMPORARY POPULATION GENETICS_ A CAS
M. Gasparini1 and C. Di Gaetano2
1 Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy; mauro.gasparini@polito.it
2 Universita` di Torino, Torino, Italy
1. Introduction
In human Population Genetics, routine applications of principal component techniques are often required. Population biologists make widespread use of certain discrete classifications of human samples into haplotypes, the monophyletic units of phylogenetic trees constructed from several single nucleotide bimorphisms hierarchically ordered. Compositional frequencies of the haplotypes are recorded within the different samples. Principal component techniques are then required as a dimension-reducing strategy to bring the dimension of the problem to a manageable level, say two,
to allow for graphical analysis.
Population biologists at large are not aware of the special features of compositional data and nor- mally make use of the crude covariance of compositional relative frequencies to construct principal components. In this short note we present our experience with using traditional linear principal components or compositional principal components based on logratios, with reference to a specific dataset.
2. The state of the art in human population genetics
After the recent decoding of the human genome and the latest developments in molecular biology techniques, the technology and the scope of contemporary human population genetics has deeply changed. The number of genetic markers used to describe contemporary populations in order to infer possible past patterns of human migration and colonization has dramatically increased.
Most of the interesting markers used today are single base variations occurring pervasively in the whole of the human genome and called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). For population genetic purposes, particularly useful are the ones lying on the nonrecombinant portion of the Y chromosome and on mithocondrial DNA. This is so because these portions of the genome are exempt from recombination and allow for the possibility to trace more easily recent ancestry through a paternal or maternal perspective.
Cascades of SNP-related events are studied by phylogenetic techniques in order to reconstruct mutational trees and identify their final leaves as groups of individuals with similar mutational history. These groups are called haplotypes. The frequencies of the different haplotypes in a population may then be used in the same way traditional marker frequencies are, to identify differencies and similarities between the evolutionary histories of the populations. A prime example
of this technology is a paper by Underhill and others (2000), a recent review is Jobling and Tyler- smith (2003), and an online reference is site http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/
Haplotype frequencies are high dimensional data and, as such, often need dimension reduction techniques such as principal components. Principal components are very well known tools in population genetics at least since they had been employed in Menozzi and others (1978) to construct genetic maps based on frequencies of markers of the pre-molecular era. Plots of the first two principal components are informative here because samples are often coming from geographically dispersed populations and correlating geographical and genetical population structure is a primary interest of the population biologist.
M. Gasparini1 and C. Di Gaetano2
1 Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy; mauro.gasparini@polito.it
2 Universita` di Torino, Torino, Italy
1. Introduction
In human Population Genetics, routine applications of principal component techniques are often required. Population biologists make widespread use of certain discrete classifications of human samples into haplotypes, the monophyletic units of phylogenetic trees constructed from several single nucleotide bimorphisms hierarchically ordered. Compositional frequencies of the haplotypes are recorded within the different samples. Principal component techniques are then required as a dimension-reducing strategy to bring the dimension of the problem to a manageable level, say two,
to allow for graphical analysis.
Population biologists at large are not aware of the special features of compositional data and nor- mally make use of the crude covariance of compositional relative frequencies to construct principal components. In this short note we present our experience with using traditional linear principal components or compositional principal components based on logratios, with reference to a specific dataset.
2. The state of the art in human population genetics
After the recent decoding of the human genome and the latest developments in molecular biology techniques, the technology and the scope of contemporary human population genetics has deeply changed. The number of genetic markers used to describe contemporary populations in order to infer possible past patterns of human migration and colonization has dramatically increased.
Most of the interesting markers used today are single base variations occurring pervasively in the whole of the human genome and called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). For population genetic purposes, particularly useful are the ones lying on the nonrecombinant portion of the Y chromosome and on mithocondrial DNA. This is so because these portions of the genome are exempt from recombination and allow for the possibility to trace more easily recent ancestry through a paternal or maternal perspective.
Cascades of SNP-related events are studied by phylogenetic techniques in order to reconstruct mutational trees and identify their final leaves as groups of individuals with similar mutational history. These groups are called haplotypes. The frequencies of the different haplotypes in a population may then be used in the same way traditional marker frequencies are, to identify differencies and similarities between the evolutionary histories of the populations. A prime example
of this technology is a paper by Underhill and others (2000), a recent review is Jobling and Tyler- smith (2003), and an online reference is site http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/
Haplotype frequencies are high dimensional data and, as such, often need dimension reduction techniques such as principal components. Principal components are very well known tools in population genetics at least since they had been employed in Menozzi and others (1978) to construct genetic maps based on frequencies of markers of the pre-molecular era. Plots of the first two principal components are informative here because samples are often coming from geographically dispersed populations and correlating geographical and genetical population structure is a primary interest of the population biologist.
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Figure 1. First two linear principal components
Figure 2. First two compositional principal components with trace=0.9
Figure 3. First two compositional principal components with trace=0.001
Cега е многу појасно...
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Classification of the European Language Families by Genetic Distance
Rosalind M. Harding, and Robert R. Sokal
PNAS 1988;85;9370-9372
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.23.9370
This information is current as of October 2006.
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Notes:
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA
Vol. 85, pp. 9370-9372, December 1988
Population Biology
Classification of the European language families by genetic distance
(human variation/gene frequencies)
ROSALIND M. HARDING AND ROBERT R. SOKAL
Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245
Contributed by Robert R. Sokal, August 24, 1988
ABSTRACT
Genetic distances among speakers of the European language families were computed by using gene- frequency data for human blood group antigens, enzymes, and proteins of26 genetic systems.
Each system was represented by a different subset of 3369 localities across Europe. By subject- ing the matrix ofdistances to numerical taxonomic procedures, we obtained a grouping of the language families of Europe by their genetic distances as contrasted with their linguistic relationships.
The resulting classification largely reflects geographic propinquity rather than linguistic origins. This is evidence for the primary importance ofshort-range interdemic gene flow in shaping the modern gene pools of Europe.
Yet, some language families-i.e., Basque, Finnic (including Lappish), and Semitic (Maltese)-have distant genetic relation- ships with their geographic neighbors. These results indicate that European gene pools still reflect the remote origins ofsome ethnic units subsumed by these major linguistic groups.
Rosalind M. Harding, and Robert R. Sokal
PNAS 1988;85;9370-9372
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.23.9370
This information is current as of October 2006.
E-mail Alerts
Rights & Permissions
Reprints
This article has been cited by other articles:
www.pnas.org/otherarticles
Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article - sign up in the box at the top
right corner of the article or click here.
To reproduce this article in part (figures, tables) or in entirety, see:
www.pnas.org/misc/rightperm.shtml
To order reprints, see:
www.pnas.org/misc/reprints.shtml
Notes:
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA
Vol. 85, pp. 9370-9372, December 1988
Population Biology
Classification of the European language families by genetic distance
(human variation/gene frequencies)
ROSALIND M. HARDING AND ROBERT R. SOKAL
Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245
Contributed by Robert R. Sokal, August 24, 1988
ABSTRACT
Genetic distances among speakers of the European language families were computed by using gene- frequency data for human blood group antigens, enzymes, and proteins of26 genetic systems.
Each system was represented by a different subset of 3369 localities across Europe. By subject- ing the matrix ofdistances to numerical taxonomic procedures, we obtained a grouping of the language families of Europe by their genetic distances as contrasted with their linguistic relationships.
The resulting classification largely reflects geographic propinquity rather than linguistic origins. This is evidence for the primary importance ofshort-range interdemic gene flow in shaping the modern gene pools of Europe.
Yet, some language families-i.e., Basque, Finnic (including Lappish), and Semitic (Maltese)-have distant genetic relation- ships with their geographic neighbors. These results indicate that European gene pools still reflect the remote origins ofsome ethnic units subsumed by these major linguistic groups.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The 12 living language families in Europe fall into five language phyla as follows (1):
- Indo-European (Albanian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Romance, and Slavic);
- Finno-Ugric [Finnic and Ugric (Hungarian)];
- Altaic (Turkic);
- Afro-Asiatic [Semitic (Maltese)]; and
- Language Isolates (Basque).
A linguistic distance matrix of language-family relationships was constructed by setting the Baltic-Slavic distance to 1 (these are the only two Indo-European families for which close genetic affinities are generally accepted, see ref. 1), all other distances between language families within a phylum to 2, and distances between language families belonging to different phyla to 4. Thus, language distances mostly contrast intraphylum and interphylum distances.
A geographic distance matrix between all pairs oflanguage families was computed from great-circle distances between subjectively chosen centers of language-family regions. Genetic distances were calculated by using frequency data for human blood antigens, enzymes, and proteins of 26 genetic systems, each for a different subset of 3369 localities across Europe.
Because of the different spatial sampling for each genetic system, we computed genetic distances separately for each system. All localities were also assigned a language-family affiliation.
The systems and the sources of the data are described elsewhere (5-7).
Sample sizes range from 50 to many thousands ofpersons. Previous work (5) has shown that the simplest of these distances, that due to Prevosti et al. (8), provided essentially the same information as more elaborate formulations...
.......................
The 12 living language families in Europe fall into five language phyla as follows (1):
- Indo-European (Albanian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Romance, and Slavic);
- Finno-Ugric [Finnic and Ugric (Hungarian)];
- Altaic (Turkic);
- Afro-Asiatic [Semitic (Maltese)]; and
- Language Isolates (Basque).
A linguistic distance matrix of language-family relationships was constructed by setting the Baltic-Slavic distance to 1 (these are the only two Indo-European families for which close genetic affinities are generally accepted, see ref. 1), all other distances between language families within a phylum to 2, and distances between language families belonging to different phyla to 4. Thus, language distances mostly contrast intraphylum and interphylum distances.
A geographic distance matrix between all pairs oflanguage families was computed from great-circle distances between subjectively chosen centers of language-family regions. Genetic distances were calculated by using frequency data for human blood antigens, enzymes, and proteins of 26 genetic systems, each for a different subset of 3369 localities across Europe.
Because of the different spatial sampling for each genetic system, we computed genetic distances separately for each system. All localities were also assigned a language-family affiliation.
The systems and the sources of the data are described elsewhere (5-7).
Sample sizes range from 50 to many thousands ofpersons. Previous work (5) has shown that the simplest of these distances, that due to Prevosti et al. (8), provided essentially the same information as more elaborate formulations...
.......................
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HLA genes in Southern Tunisians (Ghannouch area) and their relationship with other Me
Hajjej A, Hmida S, Kaabi H, Dridi A, Jridi A, El Gaa l ed A, Boukef K.National Blood Transfusion Centre, Tunis, Tunisia.
South Tunisian HLA gene profile has studied for the first time. HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 allele frequencies of Ghannouch have been compared with those of neighboring populations, other Mediterraneans and Sub-Saharans. Their relatedness has been tested by genetic distances, Neighbor-Joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. Our HLA data show that both southern from Ghannouch and northern Tunisians are of a Berber substratum in spite of the successive incursions (particularly, the 7th-8th century A.D. Arab invasion) occurred in Tunisia. It is also the case of other North Africans and Iberians. This present study confirms the relatedness of Greeks to Sub-Saharan populations. This suggests that there was an admixture between the Greeks and Sub-Saharans probably during Pharaonic period or after natural catastrophes (dryness) occurred in Sahara.
PMID: 16473309 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2006 Jan-Feb;49(1):43-56. Epub 2005 Feb 10.
LINK
Hajjej A, Hmida S, Kaabi H, Dridi A, Jridi A, El Gaa l ed A, Boukef K.National Blood Transfusion Centre, Tunis, Tunisia.
South Tunisian HLA gene profile has studied for the first time. HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 allele frequencies of Ghannouch have been compared with those of neighboring populations, other Mediterraneans and Sub-Saharans. Their relatedness has been tested by genetic distances, Neighbor-Joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. Our HLA data show that both southern from Ghannouch and northern Tunisians are of a Berber substratum in spite of the successive incursions (particularly, the 7th-8th century A.D. Arab invasion) occurred in Tunisia. It is also the case of other North Africans and Iberians. This present study confirms the relatedness of Greeks to Sub-Saharan populations. This suggests that there was an admixture between the Greeks and Sub-Saharans probably during Pharaonic period or after natural catastrophes (dryness) occurred in Sahara.
PMID: 16473309 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2006 Jan-Feb;49(1):43-56. Epub 2005 Feb 10.
LINK
Bratot
Стоик и Машкртник!
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- 27 јануари 2007
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Grcite vo relacija so Afro-arapite..
Island 23% Slavsi..
Rusite so poteklo od Fincite..
Bibliography for Y DNA
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73:524–539, 2003
Bosch, Elena, et. al., High level of male-biased Scandinavian admixture in Greenlandic Inuit shown by Y-chromosomal analysis, Hum. Genet.
112 : 353–363, 2003
Capelli, Cristian, et. al., A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and
Oceania, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:432–443, 2001
Cinnioglu, Cengiz, et. al., Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Human Genetics, 114: 127-148, 2004
Cruciani, Fulvio, et. al., A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y
Chromosome Haplotypes, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:1197–1214, 2002
Faux, David, private communication
Hammer, M. F., et. al., Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes,
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 6769-6774, 2000
Jobling, Mark A.., and Tyler-Smith, Chris, The Human Y Chromosome: An Evolutionary Marker Comes of Age, Nature Rev. Genetics,
4: 598-612, 2003
Karafet, T. M., et. al., Ancestral Asian Source(s) of New World Y-Chromosome Founder Haplotypes, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64:817–831, 1999
Karafet, Tatiana, et. al., Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes, Am. J. Hum. Genet.
69:615–628, 2001
Kayser, Manfred, et. al., Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea,
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:281–302, 2003
King, Roy, and Underhill, Peter. A., Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted potter and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages,
Antiquity 76: 707-714, 2002
Lell, Jeffrey T., et. al., The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:192–206, 2002
Nasidze, I., et. al., Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus, Ann. Hum. Genetics 68:205-221, 2004
Rosser, Zoë H., et. al., Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language,
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67:1526–1543, 2000
Tambets, Kristiina, et. al., The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y
Chromosomes, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:661–682, 2004
Underhill, Peter A., et. al., Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations, Nature Genetics, 26: 358-361, 2000
Underhill, Peter A. , et., al., Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific, Human Mutation
17: 271-280, 2001
Wells, R. Spencer, et. al., The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity,
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 98: 10244–10249, 2001
Zegura, Stephen L., et. al., High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Singlem Recent Entry of Native Americans
Y Chrmosomes into teh Americas, Mol. Biol. Evol., 21: 164-175, 2004
i t.n........
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Hезнам дали вакви докази се валидни: Дора во природен амбиент.
Oна на мене.
P.S. Aко некој им ја постира сликава на греците, кажете им барем: поздрав од anaveno.