House of Wisdom - Baghdad
Hunayn ibn Ishaq (809-873), physician
Hunajn ibn Išak (
Hunayn ibn Ishaq, također Hunain ili Hunein) (
sirijski: ܚܢܝܢ ܒܪ ܐܝܣܚܩ,
arapski: أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي; ’Abū Zayd Ḥunayn ibn ’Isḥāq al-‘Ibādī, na latinskom poznat kao Johannitius) (809–873) bio je znameniti
asirski učenjak i ljeklar
nestorijanske kršćanske vjere poznat po brojnim prijevodima klasičnih grčkih tekstova na sirijski i arapski jezik u doba
Abasidskog Kalifata. Poznavao je četiri jezika - arapski, sirijski, grčki i perzijski - i smatrao se jednom od najučenijih ličnosti svogh doba, među Arapima stekavši titulu "Šeik prevodilaca". Bio je rodom iz današnjeg južnog Iraka, ali je najveći dio života proveo u
Bagdadu, koji je u to vrijeme bio najznačanije središte kulture i nauke.
Hunayn ibn Ishaq enriched the field of ophthalmology. His developments in the study of the human eye can be traced through his innovative book, “Ten Treatises on Ophthalmology.”
Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (801-873), philosopher and polymath
Jakub ibn Isak el Kindi (
arap. أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (oko
801—
873) je bio
arapski filozof i svestrani naučnik iz
9. veka.
[1]
Bavio se
filozofijom,
metafizikom,
fizikom,
astrologijom,
astronomijom,
hemijom,
logikom,
matematikom,
muzikom,
medicinom,
psihologijom,
kriptografijom i
meteorologijom i smatra se pionirom u mnogima od ovih oblasti.
[2]
El Kindi je bio najraniji značajni arapski filozof
aristotelovske tradicije, čuven po svojim nastojanjima da uvede
helenističku filozofiju u arapski svet
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (780–850), mathematician
Abu Abudllah Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi (cca.
780. - cca.
840) je
persijski naučnik,
matematičar,
astronom i pisac. Poznat je kao pronalazač
algebre, koja je ime dobila po naslovu jedne njegove knjige. Zaslužan je za širenje
indijskih brojeva po
Zapadu.
Al-Khwārizmī's contributions to
mathematics,
geography,
astronomy, and
cartography established the basis for innovation in
algebraand
trigonometry. His systematic approach to solving
linear and
quadratic equations led to
algebra, a word derived from the title of his 830 book on the subject, "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" (
al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wa'l-muqabalaالكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة).
On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825, was principally responsible for spreading the
Indian system of numeration throughout the
Middle East and
Europe. It was translated into Latin as
Algoritmi de numero Indorum. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered as (Latin)
Algoritmi, led to the term "
algorithm".
Some of his work was based on
Persian and
Babylonian astronomy,
Indian numbers, and
Greek mathematics.
Al-Khwārizmī systematized and corrected
Ptolemy's data for Africa and the Middle East. Another major book was
Kitab surat al-ard("The Image of the Earth"; translated as Geography), presenting the coordinates of places based on those in the Geography of
Ptolemy but with improved values for the
Mediterranean Sea, Asia, and Africa.
He also wrote on mechanical devices like the
astrolabe and
sundial.
He assisted a project to determine the circumference of the Earth and in making a world map for
al-Ma'mun, the caliph, overseeing 70 geographers.
l-Khwārizmī's second major work was on the subject of arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original
Arabic. The translation was most likely done in the twelfth century by
Adelard of Bath, who had also translated the astronomical tables in 1126.
The Latin manuscripts are untitled, but are commonly referred to by the first two words with which they start:
Dixit algorizmi ("So said al-Khwārizmī"), or
Algoritmi de numero Indorum ("al-Khwārizmī on the Hindu Art of Reckoning").
Al-Khwarizmi's work on arithmetic was responsible for introducing the
Arabic numerals, based on the
Hindu-Arabic numeral systemdeveloped in
Indian mathematics, to the
Western world. The term "
algorithm" is derived from the
algorism, the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals developed by al-Khwarizmi. Both "algorithm" and "algorism" are derived from the
Latinized forms of al-Khwarizmi's name,
Algoritmi and
Algorismi, respectively.
Al-Khwārizmī's
Zīj al-Sindhind[12] (Arabic: زيج "astronomical tables of
Sind and
Hind") is a work consisting of approximately 37 chapters on calendrical and astronomical calculations and 116 tables with calendrical, astronomical and astrological data, as well as a table of
sine values. This is the first of many Arabic
Zijes based on the
Indian astronomical methods known as the
sindhind.
[24] The work contains tables for the movements of the
sun, the
moon and the five
planets known at the time. This work marked the turning point in
Islamic astronomy.
Al-Khwārizmī's
Zīj al-Sindhind also contained tables for the
trigonometric functions of sines and cosine.
[24] A related treatise on
spherical trigonometry is also attributed to him.
Al-Khwārizmī's third major work is his
Kitāb ṣūrat al-Arḍ (Arabic: كتاب صورة الأرض "Book on the appearance of the Earth" or "The image of the Earth" translated as
Geography), which was finished in 833. It is a revised and completed version of
Ptolemy's
Geography, consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features following a general introduction.
Banu Musa brothers, engineers and mathematicians
The
Banū Mūsā brothers ("Sons of Moses"), namely
Abū Jaʿfar, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (before 803 – February 873),
Abū al‐Qāsim, Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century) and
Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century), were three 9th-century Iranian scholars who lived and worked in Baghdad. They are known for their
Book of Ingenious Devices on
automata (automatic
machines) and mechanical devices. Another important work of theirs is the
Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures, a foundational work on
geometry that was frequently quoted by both Islamic and European mathematicians.
In one of their surviving publications the Kitab marifat masakhat al-ashkal The Book of the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures) Banu Musa gave volume and area number values.
The most popular of their publications was the Kitāb al-Ḥiyal, which was mostly the work of Aḥmad, the middle brother, was a book filled with one hundred mechanical devices. There were some real practical inventions in the book including a lamp that would mechanically dim, alternating fountains, and a clamshell grab. Eighty of these devices were described as "trick vessels" that showed a real mastery of mechanics, with a real focus on the use of light pressure. Some of the devices seem to be replications of earlier Greek works, but the rest were much more advanced than what the Greeks had done.
They made many observations and contributions to the field of astronomy, writing nearly a dozen publications over their astronomical research. They made many observations on the sun and the moon. Al-Ma’mun had them go to a desert in Mesopotamia to measure the length of a degree. They also measured the length of a year to be 365 days and 6 hours.
Most notable among their achievements is their work in the field of
automation, which they utilized in toys and other entertaining creations. They have shown important advances over those of their Greek predecessors.
[2]
Sind ibn Ali (d. 864), astronomer
Sind ibn Ali-Musa,
Sind ibn ʿAlī (died after 864 AD),
[1] was a renowned
SindhiMuslimastronomer,
translator,
mathematician and
engineer.
He is known to have translated and modified the
Zij al-Sindhind. The Zij al-Sindhind was the first astronomical table ever introduced in the
Muslim World. As a mathematician Sind ibn ʿAlī was a colleague of
al-Khwarizmi and worked closely with
Yaqūb ibn Tāriq together they calculated the
diameter of the
Earth and other astronomical bodies. He also wrote a commentary on
Kitāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala and helped prove the works of
al-Khwarizmi. The
decimal point notation to the
Arabic numerals was introduced by Sind ibn Ali.
Abu Uthman, usually known as Al-Jahiz (781-861), writer and biologist
al-Jāḥiẓ (
Arabic: الجاحظ) (full name
Abū ʿUthman ʿAmr ibn Baḥr al-Kinānī al-Baṣrīأبو عثمان عمرو بن بحر الكناني البصري) (born in
Basra, 776 – December 868/January 869) was an
Arabicprose writer and author of works of literature,
Mu'tazili theology, and politico-religious polemics.
Kitab al-Hayawan (Book of Animals)
The al-Hayawan is an encyclopedia of seven volume of
anecdotes, poetic descriptions and proverbs describing over 350 varieties of animals.
In a discussion broadcast by
ABC. the palaeontologist and practising Muslim Gary Dargan said that al-Jāḥiẓ had made observations that described evolution: "Animals engage in a struggle for existence; for resources, to avoid being eaten and to breed. Environmental factors influence organisms to develop new characteristics to ensure survival, thus transforming into new species. Animals that survive to breed can pass on their successful characteristics to offspring."
