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Резидентен космонаут
- Член од
- 5 јуни 2012
- Мислења
- 5.761
- Поени од реакции
- 7.593
"Currently in a late stage of stellar evolution, the supergiant is expected to proceed through its expected life cycle before exploding as a type II supernova within the next million years."Планетата Земја кон крајот на годината би можела да добие уште едно сонце, тврдат австралиските научници.
Тоа ќе се случи кога ќе експлодира една од најсјајните ѕвезди на небото, која забрзано ја губи масата.
Оваа супернова би можела да биде најголем „лајт шоу“ од настанокот на Земјата, а ќе биде толку светла што ноќта ќе се претвори во ден, во период од една до две недели, тврдат експертите.
Ѕвездата „Бетелгеус“, која е во состав на соѕвездието „Орион“, оддалечен 640 светлосни години од Земјата, е црвен џин кој забрзано ја губи масата, што значи дека наскоро ќе експлодира.
А кога тоа ќе се случи ќе изгори толку силно што од Земјата ќе изгледа како на небото да има две сонца, пишува лондонски „Дејли мејл“, додавајќи дека сепак за сега е неизвесно времето на експлозијата.
Според професорот по физика на Универзитетот на Јужен Квинсленд, Бред Картер, експлозијата може да се очекува „кон крајот на оваа година или пак во некој момент во наредните милион години“
Мухаммед, а.с., рекол; „Кога еден ден ќе трае колку една година, авториот колку еден месец, третиот колку една недела, а другите 37 денови ќе бидат нормални.“ а асхабите веднаш го запрашале: „О Божји Пратенику, па како ќе клањаме во тие денови?“ - Нивната најголема грижа бил намазот/молитвата!
--- надополнето: 30 јуни 2012 во 23:42 ---
ne ne pogresno si svakjal ne e zborot za sedumtte neba, tuku za sedumtte sloevi na neba koi se;
1.Troposfera
2.Stratosfera
3.Ozonosfera
4.Mezosfera
5.Termosfera
6.Jonosfera
7.Ekzosfera
nad niv se naogjaat cvezdite sonceto i mesecinata.
pozdrav
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelgeuse
Principal layers
Layers of the atmosphere (not to scale)
In general, air pressure and density decrease in the atmosphere as height increases. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude. Because the general pattern of this profile is constant and recognizable through means such as balloon soundings, temperature provides a useful metric to distinguish between atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided into five main layers. From highest to lowest, these layers are:
Exosphere
Main article: Exosphere
The outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere extends from the exobase upward. It is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. The particles are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Since the particles rarely collide, the atmosphere no longer behaves like a fluid. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate into and out of themagnetosphere or the solar wind.
Thermosphere
Main article: Thermosphere
Temperature increases with height in the thermosphere from the mesopause up to the thermopause, then is constant with height. Unlike in the stratosphere, where the inversion is caused by absorption of radiation by ozone, in the thermosphere the inversion is a result of the extremely low density of molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise to 1,500 °C (2,700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that temperature in the usual sense is not well defined. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen, for example) travels an average of 1 kilometer between collisions with other molecules.[3] The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 320 and 380 km (200 and 240 mi). Because of the relative infrequency of molecular collisions, air above the mesopause is poorly mixed compared to air below. While the composition from the troposphere to the mesosphere is fairly constant, above a certain point, air is poorly mixed and becomes compositionally stratified. The point dividing these two regions is known as theturbopause. The region below is the homosphere, and the region above is the heterosphere. The top of the thermosphere is the bottom of the exosphere, called the exobase. Its height varies with solar activity and ranges from about 350–800 km (220–500 mi; 1,100,000–2,600,000 ft).[citation needed]
Mesosphere
Main article: Mesosphere
The mesosphere extends from the stratopause to 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft). It is the layer where most meteors burn up upon entering the atmosphere. Temperature decreases with height in the mesosphere. The mesopause, the temperature minimum that marks the top of the mesosphere, is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F; 190 K).[4] At the mesopause, temperatures may drop to −100 °C (−150 °F; 170 K).[5] Due to the cold temperature of the mesosphere, water vapor is frozen, forming ice clouds (or Noctilucent clouds). A type of lightning referred to as either spritesor ELVES, form many miles above thunderclouds in the troposphere.
Stratosphere
Main article: Stratosphere
The stratosphere extends from the tropopause to about 51 km (32 mi; 170,000 ft). Temperature increases with height due to increased absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing. While the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near freezing[citation needed]. The stratopause, which is the boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere, typically is at 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 160,000 to 180,000 ft). The pressure here is 1/1000 sea level.
Troposphere
Main article: Troposphere
The troposphere begins at the surface and extends to between 9 km (30,000 ft) at the poles and 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator,[6] with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is mostly heated by transfer of energy from the surface, so on average the lowest part of the troposphere is warmest and temperature decreases with altitude. This promotes vertical mixing (hence the origin of its name in the Greek word "τροπή",trope, meaning turn or overturn). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of the atmosphere.[7] The tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere.
Other layers
Within the five principal layers determined by temperature are several layers determined by other properties:
- The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–22 mi; 49,000–110,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in our atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere.
- The ionosphere, the part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation, stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 620 mi; 160,000 to 3,300,000 ft) and typically overlaps both the exosphere and the thermosphere. It forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on the Earth. It is responsible for auroras.
- The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. In the homosphere the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence.[8] The homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Above the turbopause at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft) (essentially corresponding to the mesopause), the composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones such as oxygen and nitrogen present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element.
- The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is nearest the Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion. During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, while at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 m on clear, calm nights to 3000 m or more during the afternoon in dry regions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth
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