http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/the-nigerian-origins-of-ancient-greeks-complied-by-jide-uwechia/
The Nigerian/Ethiopian Roots Of the Ancient Greeks – Edited By – Jide Uwechia
Ethiopian Greek
Genetic Evidence of the Nigerian and Ethiopian Origin of the Ancient Greek
Edited By Jide Uwechia from cited Sources
The Benin Haplogroup or Haplogroup 19 Common in Africans, southern Greeks, Sicilians, and Albanians
There are at least four distinct African, (known as Senegal, Congo, Benin, Bantu Hbs Haplogroups) and one Asian chromosomal backgrounds (haplotypes) on which the sickle cell mutation has arisen.
The Benin haplotype (which originates from Nigeria, West Africa) accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily Northern Greece, Southern Turkey, and South West Saudi Arabia, suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa. The Asian haplotype is rarely encountered outside its geographic origin because there have been few large population movements and Indian emigrants have been predominantly from non HbS containing populations. Per:Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities For Understanding Its DiversityRSITY:
http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/143/rev9239.html
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Nigeria, west Africa appears the most logical origin of the sickle mutation in Greece evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms (1991). It has been conclusively demonstrated that HbS in Greece is mostly haplotype #19 (the one that originated in Benin, Nigeria West Africa). See, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P.; The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Unit for Prenatal Diagnosis, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Additionally, previous data suggest that the S/Bantu haplotype (from Southern Africa) is heterogeneous at the molecular level. Recent studies also report a similar heterogenity for the Benin Haplogroup. A study demonstrated the presence of the A -499 TA variation in sickle cell anemia chromosomes of Sicilian and North African origin bearing the S/Benin haplotype (from Nigeria). Being absent from North American S/Benin chromosomes, which were studied previously, this variation is indicative for the molecular heterogeneity of the S/Benin haplotype. Am. J. Hematol. 80:79-80, 2005.
A study was done in Albania (which borders Greece) relating to sickle cell anemia, sickle cell beta-thalassemia, and thalassemia major in Albania. The focus of the study was the characterization of sickle cell mutations. As one would expect, it was shown that the HbS mutation in the Albanian sample is the Benin (Nigeria)-originating haplotype #19. See, Boletini E, Svobodova M, Divoky V, Baysal E, Dimovski AJ, Liang R, Adekile AD, Huisman TH.; Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell beta-thalassemia, and thalassemia major in Albania: characterization of mutations. : Hum Genet. 1994 Feb;93(2):182-7.
According to a study done in 1973, before the availablity of the advanced data cited above, “the occurrence of the sickle-cell trait in southern Europe …. is believed to reflect gene flow from the Middle East.” See A. P. GELPI, M.D, “Migrant Populations and the Diffusion of the Sickle-Cell Gene” August 1, 1973 vol. 79 no. 2 258-264
http://www.annals.org/content/79/2/258.abstract.
The problem with this 1973 study is that it assumes that the sickle cell genes came with the Arabs. Alas, updated research work has proven beyond doubt that the sickle cell genes proven to exist in southern Europe are exclusively Sickle cell gene Haplotype 19 or the Benin Sickle cell gene from Nigeria.
Y Haplogroup E-M78 and YAP In Black Africans and Greeks
Y Haplogroup E-M78 a derivative of E3B is a signature African gene as confirmed in research studies over the last few years. The high frequency of this haplogroup in Greece suggests the presence of a substantive African population in that region during prehistoric and historical time periods.
A recent paper has detected clades of haplogroups J and E3b that were likely not part of pre-historic migrations into Europe, but rather spread by later historical movements. Greeks ….. [then there is] the marker J-M267, which may reflect more recent Middle Eastern admixture.â€
(Semino et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2004) E3b originates from East Africa while there is a high frequency of J-M267 in the East Coast of Africa as well as the Red sea coast of Arabia.
A recent sampling of the Greek population comprised 36 Peloponnesian samples, 5 of which were J-M172(xM12) and 17 of which were E-M78 (R.K., unpublished data).
In spite of the small Peloponnesian sample size, the high E-M78 frequency (47%) observed here is consistent with that (44%) independently found in the same region (Di Giacomo et al. 2003) for the YAP chromosomes harboring microsatellite haplotypes A. (Novelletto, personal communication) (Cruciani et al. 2004).
The study by by Di Giacomo et al. found the following African haplogroups in Greeks: Haplogroup A which is highly specific to West Africa, R1a, DE, and J2*(xDYS413= 18)J*(xJ2). R1* which probably gave rise to R1a is found in Northern Cameroon. DE is found principally among Nigerians and it is suspected that it originated from Nigeria. J is very prominent in East, and North Africa.
High-resolution Y-chromosome haplotyping and particular microsatellite associations reveal … an East Africa homeland for E-M78.Origin. See Ornella Semino, Chiara Magri, et al “Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area”
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15069642
HLA Genetic Relationship Between Ancient Greeks and Black Africans
HLA genes are reliable markers of past population movement and are still used in laboratories today to establish genetic inter-relationship amongst seemingly diverse peoples.
HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks (2001) was a study conducted by Dr. Arniaz and other scholars in a top flying Spanish University. This study uses HLA genes to establish the African dimension of the roots of ancient Greece.
According to the Arniaz study, …..Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedness to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian) people, which separate them from other Mediterranean groups. Both Greeks and Ethiopians share quasi-specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0305, *0307, *0411, *0413, *0416, *0417, *0420, *1110, *1112, *1304 and *1310. Genetic distances are closer between Greeks and Ethiopian/sub-Saharan groups than to any other Mediterranean group and finally Greeks cluster with Ethiopians/sub-Saharans in both neighbour joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. The time period when these relationships might have occurred was ancient but uncertain and might be related to the displacement of Egyptian-Ethiopian people living in pharaonic Egypt. See Arnaiz-Villena A,et.al: HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks. Tissue Antigens. 2001 Feb;57(2):118-27
There is a fraudulent claim (by those with idealogical investments in the topic) on the Internet that this study has been “retracted” or “refuted.” The study is perfectly valid. Sub-Saharan-specific and quasi-sub-Saharan-specific alleles were definitely detected in the Greek population at the DRB1 locus, and this is not open to question.
Иако тука за сите носители на E1B1B се смета дека се Африканци односно имаат исто потекло со црнците ипак оваа болест ја има само кај Албанците и Грците. Со тоа што за Албанците се смета дека овие гени им се слични или ги преземали од Арапите кај кои исто така може да се сретне болеста.
Part 2: BLACK AFRICAN GENETIC FOOTPRINT: SICKLE CELL
Sickle Cell disease is a condition which was exclusively a Black racial trait which has spread to various parts of the world through non-White racial migration - forced or voluntarily - and which has then manifested itself in populations where Blacks have either settled, or have mixed with elements of the local population.
The following overview of sickle cell, its nature, origin and spread, has been culled from non-political, academic and medical sources. Included in the review is the relationship between malaria and sickle cell.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA IS AN INHERITED BLOOD DISORDER
"Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder, characterized primarily by chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain." - (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/blood/sickle/sca_fact.pdf)
"Sickle cell anemia is caused by an error in the gene that tells the body how to make hemoglobin. The defective gene tells the body to make the abnormal hemoglobin that results in deformed red blood cells." - (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD.
"I Haemoglobin S (Hb S) : This is extremely common in Africa, particularly in countries south of the Sahara (but not South Africa), and in some Asian Indian tribes. It is also found in areas where beta thalassaemia is common, such as the Middle East, northern India, Pakistan, Greece, Sicily and southern Italy, Albania, southern Turkey and southern Portugal."
http://www.white-history.com/sicklecell.htm
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нешто знам.
прочитај од линковите што ти беа дадени за бета таласемија и сикле цел анемија, на балканот се од типот наречен
Бенин и тоа е тоа.
п.с.
прочитај и како се добива, тоа е уште поинтересно.
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и 25.0%-30.0% од црнците во Америка имаат R1b од белците, и тие се разликуваат од белците, ич не обелеле.
еве слика на братучеди, сите потомци на
ribata (koja) smrdi od glavata-ima edna pogovorka
napisi tuka
http://www.nbc.com/who-do-you-think-you-are/
Spike Lee
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p.s.
aj pak slikite
Y CHROMOSOME SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS TYPING BY SNaPshot MINISEQUENCING-Noveski 2009
ок е ги видов
.Нема ли тоа да ги реши отворените дилеми кои колку однадвор толку и внатре во Македонија некои кругови ги заговараат.Нема ли тоа да го затвори прашањето "Кои сме ние Македонците?".Или еве нели може да се земе ДНК од Гоце Делчев и други Македонски херои кои бугарите пробуваат да си ги присвојат и да се одреди нивната припадност.Иако и денес ова ми изгледа доста реално можеби во иднина ќе биде онака - откопаш гроб зимаш примерок од коска и за еден саат во лабараторија кажуваш: Овој бил Кинез.
