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Alu insertion polymorphisms in the Balkans and the origins of the Aromuns
D. Comas1,∗ , H. Schmid1,2 , S. Braeuer1,2 , C. Flaiz1,2 , A. Busquets1 , F. Calafell1 , J. Bertranpetit1 ,
H.-G. Scheil3 , W. Huckenbeck4 , L. Efremovska5 and H. Schmidt2
1 Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
2 Department of Anthropology, University of Ulm, Germany
3 Institute for Human Genetics and Anthropology, Heinrich-Heine-University DuЁ sseldorf, Germany
4 Institute for Legal Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University, DuЁ sseldorf, Germany
5 Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Medical Faculty of Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Summary
We have analysed 11 human-specific Alu insertion polymorphisms in the Balkans to elucidate the origins of the Aromuns, a linguistic isolate inhabiting scattered areas in the Balkan Peninsula. Four Aromun samples (two from the Republic of Macedonia, one from Albania, and one from Romania) and five neighbouring populations (Macedo- nians, Albanians, Romanians, Greeks, and Turks) were analysed by means of genetic distances, principal components and analyses of the molecular variance (AMOVA). Three hypotheses were tested: Aromuns are Romanophonic Greeks; the result of a Romanian southward migration; or local descendants of the Thracians. The analyses show that the Aromuns do not constitute a homogeneous group separated from the rest of the Balkan populations. Group-
ing by language or geography does not explain the genetic differences observed in the region, suggesting a lack of genetic structure in the area. Aromuns do not seem to be particularly related to Greeks, Romanians, or to other Romance speakers. The Aromuns might have their origin to the south of the Danube river, with extensive gene flow with the neighbouring populations. The present results suggest a common ancestry of all Balkan populations, including Aromuns, with a lack of correlation between genetic differentiation and language or ethnicity, stressing that no major migration barriers have existed in the making of the complex Balkan human puzzle.
Introduction
Aromuns, also known as Aromani (with variants like Romani, Romeni, Rumeni) or Vlachs (the name given by their Slav neighbours), constitute a linguistic isolate scattered through the central Balkans and, although no firm statistical data about their population exists, their number is estimated at around 600,000 to 1,000,000.
Most Aromuns live in northern Greece, while others inhabit Albania, Macedonia, and Bulgaria; after 1920, some Aromuns migrated north to Romania (Schmidt et al. 2000). The Romance language spoken by the Aromuns is closely related to classical Latin and is included within the Eastern group of continental Romance lan- guages, jointly with Romanian, the only other eastern European Romance language spoken (Ruhlen, 1991). The origin of this population is still unclear, although the most accepted theory is that the Aromuns are a pre- Slav population of Thracian origin who crossbred with the Roman settlers (Rohr, 1987). The Thracians inhab- ited most of the Balkan Peninsula; no written testimony remains of the Thracian language. They founded the Macedonian Kingdom, which had its imperial heyday under Alexander the Great (336-323 BC). In 168 BC and 146 BC the Roman Empire conquered Macedo- nia and Greece respectively. Latin replaced Thracian, but not Greek, probably given the prestige that the latter enjoyed. In the course of this macedo-romanic...
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