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" The language criteria of Greekness was vital, since the Greek verb hellenizein, literally 'to be Greek', basically and originally meant to speek Greek.
-And this for the Macedonians was a problem.
There existed an adverb, makedonisti, that ment 'in Macedonian' (the language or dialect), and that betokened the fact that Macedonians could speak among themselves a language or a dialect that was incomprehensible to other, more standard Greek-speakers.
And incomprehemsible too, in such a way as to raise the issue of wheather Macedonian speech was fundamentally Greek.
While "the Bavarians were criticized for assuming Greece to be a tabula rasa." (p 39)...
For instance, she mentions the slightly ironic comment from the Athenian newspaper "Aion" of 1858: "We have no ships, no army, no roads, but soon we will have an Academy. Turkey, beware!" [p 160]...
Although the 1821-27 War of Independence had ended four hundred years of Ottoman rule,the Greeks of the nineteenth century were left without a strong sense of national identity.
The years of Ottoman oppression had disconnected the nineteenth century Greeks from their ancient roots. Evidence of this condition was found in the condition of early nineteenth century Athens, a decrepit town of ruins. Although to us Athens may seem like the most appropriate site, it was not everyone's first choice for a capital. In 1835 the newspaper Athena lamented: "Totell the truth, the seat of the Greek state does not at all differ from an African or a Turkish city." (P 11)...
Review of The Creation Of Modern Athens: Planning The Myth, by Eleni Bastјa by Ioanna Theocharopoulou
Archelaus built a temple to Zeus (Zeus’ Greek name was Dias) at the site ca. 400 B.C., making it the center of Zeus worship in Macedonian times. He also constructed a theater, stadium, and wall (413-399 B.C.) and instituted Macedonian games similar to the Olympic games at Dion.
бидејќи нашите извори за некои се неверодостојни
Инаку, Њујорк Тајмс од 1880 г. ни дава делумна слика за хеленизмот
Reluctant Europeans
Negotiating Greek Identity during the Macedonia Crisis
MAKING CULTURAL ARTIFACTS (NINETEENTH-
AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY GREECE)
The modern Greek state came into being largely due to the intervention of the Great Powerswho were, more often than not, in hostile opposition to the Ottoman Empire. The uncertainties of diplomacy coincided with a revival of the classics in Europe in which many political elites and intellectuals, British and French in particular, mingled with Greek scholars who lived abroad. Together, they idealized classical Greece as the root of Western civilization and dreamed of resuscitating antiquity in a modern Greek state. “Indeed the war was reported in the western press as a virtual replay of the Battle of Marathon and the Persian Wars. Brought up on a diet of romanticized classicism, the West offered to the Greeks a version of their ethnic identity they were simply in no position to refuse” (Just 1989: 83).
They used the past as defined by an enlightened collective of western scholars and statesmen to forge a cultural identity which would be instilled in the masses though the institutions of the state and would facilitate the cultural and political shift of Greece from a waning, autocratic East to a waxing community of Enlightened western nations.
The schools had a similar function, teaching children about their glorious past and propagating a form of purified Greek known as katharevousa. Katharevousa, the officially de-Turkified and archaizing language, was both an attempt to win Western approval and to re-enforce the modern Greek’s awareness of his or her Hellenic descent (Herzfeld 1986: 21).
http://www.c3.hu/scripta/scripta0/re...02/03gavri.htm
" The first modern Greek national government, established in 1833, had certain unique attributes. Even though the ''Greeks'' had themselves conducted a bitter revolutionary war against the Ottoman, the three great powers -- Russia, Britain and France -- were responsible for the establishment of a political system in 1833 in which ''Greek'' nationals (mostly Albanians) occupied non of the major government positions.
Instead the newly independant country was organized as an absolte monarchy, under the rule of the 18 year old Bavarian Prince, Othon, with three Bavarian regents hold the real power in the new state... In addition, the ''Greek" (i.e., Albanian) forces were disbanded and the chief military prop of the government was a foriegn mercenary army of thirty five hundred men recruited in the German states ..."
(Irmgard Wilharm, Die Anfange Des Griechischen Nationalstaates, 1833-1843)
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi...0.2307/1863869
Inventing Greece: The Emergence of Greek National Identity
by Peter Bien
"...What we see in Greece is that its invented nationalism is initially based upon the atomistic model described above, and could never have occurred without that prior development, but that later phases of this same nationalistic invention conform to the organicist model. Note that both phases respond, although in different ways, to the breakdown of Christian metaphysics, and also that both phases conform to what was also happening in Western Europe and thus lead us once again to mistrust any claims for Greek exceptionalism. What happened in Greece as elsewhere (Ireland, for example) was the invention of a myth of nationality that provided, at the deepest level, a metaphysical rationale for life and death: a meaning for what would otherwise be our futile, meaningless existence. No matter if the myth took various forms, for any myth is always the sum of its many variations.
It creates, he continues, "a new tradition, it institutes a new image of what Neohellenic culture is . . . "(1996:81). What the Enlightenment created was a new identity involving a "social homogeneity, a linguistic tradition, and a geographical continuity: in other words, a native past" (1996:73), all juxtaposed to Ottoman barbarism.
The Ancient Greece evoked by Koraes was essentially the invention of Western philhellenes.
http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journ...3/23.2bien.pdf
-And this for the Macedonians was a problem.
There existed an adverb, makedonisti, that ment 'in Macedonian' (the language or dialect), and that betokened the fact that Macedonians could speak among themselves a language or a dialect that was incomprehensible to other, more standard Greek-speakers.
And incomprehemsible too, in such a way as to raise the issue of wheather Macedonian speech was fundamentally Greek.
While "the Bavarians were criticized for assuming Greece to be a tabula rasa." (p 39)...
For instance, she mentions the slightly ironic comment from the Athenian newspaper "Aion" of 1858: "We have no ships, no army, no roads, but soon we will have an Academy. Turkey, beware!" [p 160]...
Although the 1821-27 War of Independence had ended four hundred years of Ottoman rule,the Greeks of the nineteenth century were left without a strong sense of national identity.
The years of Ottoman oppression had disconnected the nineteenth century Greeks from their ancient roots. Evidence of this condition was found in the condition of early nineteenth century Athens, a decrepit town of ruins. Although to us Athens may seem like the most appropriate site, it was not everyone's first choice for a capital. In 1835 the newspaper Athena lamented: "Totell the truth, the seat of the Greek state does not at all differ from an African or a Turkish city." (P 11)...
Review of The Creation Of Modern Athens: Planning The Myth, by Eleni Bastјa by Ioanna Theocharopoulou
Archelaus built a temple to Zeus (Zeus’ Greek name was Dias) at the site ca. 400 B.C., making it the center of Zeus worship in Macedonian times. He also constructed a theater, stadium, and wall (413-399 B.C.) and instituted Macedonian games similar to the Olympic games at Dion.
бидејќи нашите извори за некои се неверодостојни
Инаку, Њујорк Тајмс од 1880 г. ни дава делумна слика за хеленизмот
Reluctant Europeans
Negotiating Greek Identity during the Macedonia Crisis
MAKING CULTURAL ARTIFACTS (NINETEENTH-
AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY GREECE)
The modern Greek state came into being largely due to the intervention of the Great Powerswho were, more often than not, in hostile opposition to the Ottoman Empire. The uncertainties of diplomacy coincided with a revival of the classics in Europe in which many political elites and intellectuals, British and French in particular, mingled with Greek scholars who lived abroad. Together, they idealized classical Greece as the root of Western civilization and dreamed of resuscitating antiquity in a modern Greek state. “Indeed the war was reported in the western press as a virtual replay of the Battle of Marathon and the Persian Wars. Brought up on a diet of romanticized classicism, the West offered to the Greeks a version of their ethnic identity they were simply in no position to refuse” (Just 1989: 83).
They used the past as defined by an enlightened collective of western scholars and statesmen to forge a cultural identity which would be instilled in the masses though the institutions of the state and would facilitate the cultural and political shift of Greece from a waning, autocratic East to a waxing community of Enlightened western nations.
The schools had a similar function, teaching children about their glorious past and propagating a form of purified Greek known as katharevousa. Katharevousa, the officially de-Turkified and archaizing language, was both an attempt to win Western approval and to re-enforce the modern Greek’s awareness of his or her Hellenic descent (Herzfeld 1986: 21).
http://www.c3.hu/scripta/scripta0/re...02/03gavri.htm
" The first modern Greek national government, established in 1833, had certain unique attributes. Even though the ''Greeks'' had themselves conducted a bitter revolutionary war against the Ottoman, the three great powers -- Russia, Britain and France -- were responsible for the establishment of a political system in 1833 in which ''Greek'' nationals (mostly Albanians) occupied non of the major government positions.
Instead the newly independant country was organized as an absolte monarchy, under the rule of the 18 year old Bavarian Prince, Othon, with three Bavarian regents hold the real power in the new state... In addition, the ''Greek" (i.e., Albanian) forces were disbanded and the chief military prop of the government was a foriegn mercenary army of thirty five hundred men recruited in the German states ..."
(Irmgard Wilharm, Die Anfange Des Griechischen Nationalstaates, 1833-1843)
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi...0.2307/1863869
Inventing Greece: The Emergence of Greek National Identity
by Peter Bien
"...What we see in Greece is that its invented nationalism is initially based upon the atomistic model described above, and could never have occurred without that prior development, but that later phases of this same nationalistic invention conform to the organicist model. Note that both phases respond, although in different ways, to the breakdown of Christian metaphysics, and also that both phases conform to what was also happening in Western Europe and thus lead us once again to mistrust any claims for Greek exceptionalism. What happened in Greece as elsewhere (Ireland, for example) was the invention of a myth of nationality that provided, at the deepest level, a metaphysical rationale for life and death: a meaning for what would otherwise be our futile, meaningless existence. No matter if the myth took various forms, for any myth is always the sum of its many variations.
It creates, he continues, "a new tradition, it institutes a new image of what Neohellenic culture is . . . "(1996:81). What the Enlightenment created was a new identity involving a "social homogeneity, a linguistic tradition, and a geographical continuity: in other words, a native past" (1996:73), all juxtaposed to Ottoman barbarism.
The Ancient Greece evoked by Koraes was essentially the invention of Western philhellenes.
http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journ...3/23.2bien.pdf
))
