The Roma (Gypsies) became one of the peoples of Europe
when they arrived in the Byzantine Empire
900–1,100 years ago (Fraser 1992; Rochow and Matschke
1991). The formation of the present-day Romani
populations of European countries is the compound
product of the early migrations from the Balkans into
western Europe, completed by the 15th century, and
three superimposed migration waves: the first during the
end of the 19th century, after the abolition of Gypsy
slavery in Romania (Hancock 1987; Fraser 1992; Lie´-
geois 1994); the second out of Yugoslavia, during the
1960s and 1970s; and the third during the last decade,
following the political and economic changes in eastern
Europe (Reyniers 1995). Current estimates of the total
Romani population size in Europe range from 4 million
to 10 million, with the largest numbers concentrated in
central and southeastern Europe (Lie´geois 1994; Marushiakova
and Popov 2001c).
- Centre for Human Genetics, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Campus,
Perth, 6027 WA, Australia.
- The American Society of Human Genetics.
Potekloto na gjupcite nema vrska sop Aleksandar Veliki od Samiot fakt deka Aleksandar Veliki ne stignal do centralniot del na indija posto Genetskite istrazuvanja pokazuvat deka Gjupcite.
Proveri ova sto kazuvat Genetskite Istrazuvanja:
Haplogroup H is frequently found among populations of India (approximately 27%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Hammer2005-3), Sri Lanka (approx. 25%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Hammer2005-3), Nepal (approx. 12% in Kathmandu and 6% in Newswar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Gayden2007-4), and Pakistan (haplogroup H1-M52 in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, 2.5% other Pakistani)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Firasat2007-5
- Hammer et el. - Karafet et el.
Haplogroup H1a-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Macedonian Romani population, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Perecic2005-6 A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania (Gresham et al. 2001). Its ancestral M52 A C transversion was reported in the Vlax Roma (Kalaydjieva et al. 2001) and India (Ramana et al. 2001; Wells et al. 2001; Kivisild et al. 2003). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H1 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).
- Klaric et el. - Marijana Percic et el.
Haplogroup H has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent & the Roma populations, including approximately 6% (1 out of 17 individuals) H1-M52 in a sample of Kurds from Turkmenistan,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Wells2001-7 4% (2/53) H1-M52 in a sample of Iranians from Samarkand,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Wells2001-7 2% (1/56) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Wells2001-7 3% (2/70) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Khorezm,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Wells2001-7 2% (1/63) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Wells2001-7 4% (2/45) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Samarkand,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Wells2001-7 12.5% (2/16) H1-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from Dushanbe,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Wells2001-7 2% (1/41) H1-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Wells2001-7 2% (1/50) H-M69 in a sample of Ukrainians,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Semino2000-8 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Semino2000-8 and 0.9% (1/113) H1a-M82 in a sample of Serbians.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Perecic2005-6 The subclade H1a-M82 has also been found in 2.56% (3/117) of a sample of the population of Southern Iran.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-9 Some instances of haplogroup H have also been found among populations of the east coast of the Arabian Peninsula, including 2.4% (4/164) haplogroup H*(xH1-M52) and 1.8% (3/164) haplogroup H1a-M82 in the United Arab EMirates,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Cadenas2008-10 1.4% (1/72) H1a-M82 in Qatar,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Cadenas2008-10 and approximately 2% H-M69 in Oman.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Luis2004-11 Haplogroup H-M69(xH1-M52) has been found in approximately 2% of Tibetans.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Gayden2007-4 The rare subclade H2-Apt has been found in 1/77 = 1.3% of a sample of Greeks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#cite_note-Firasat2007-5
- Wells et et. - Yuldasheva et el. - Ruzibakiev et el. - Project National Academy of Science USA